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. 2020 Feb 25;10(3):401. doi: 10.3390/nano10030401

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Imaging workflow applied to investigate the effect of the surface coating composition on the uptake, trafficking, and corona kinetics of titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanomaterials (NMs). (A) Serum containing media is labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) prior to incubation with TiO₂ NMs. (B) Adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells are then exposed to TiO₂ NMs in FITC-serum for 15 min before subsequent washes and post incubation in either unlabeled serum (Biostation CT and confocal experiments) or Alexa-647-labeled serum (dSTORM). Images were acquired over relevant time points and analyzed for a quantitative comparison of the effects of different coating surface chemistries.