Table I.
Epidemiologic, demographic, and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with COVID-19
| Characteristic | All patients (n = 548) | Nonsevere (n = 279) | Severe (n = 269) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 60 (48-69) | 56 (44-66) | 65 (54-72) | .000 |
| 0-44 | 107 of 548 (19.5%) | 75 of 279 (26.9%) | 32 of 269 (11.9%) | .000 |
| 45-64 | 231 of 548 (42.2%) | 129 of 279 (46.2%) | 102 of 269 (37.9%) | |
| ≥65 | 210 of 548 (38.3%) | 75 of 279 (26.9%) | 135 of 269 (50.2%) | |
| Male | 279 of 548 (50.9%) | 126 of 279 (45.2%) | 153 of 269 (56.9%) | .006 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 (22.4-26.7) | 24.5 (22.4-26.0) | 25.3 (22.4-27.6) | .257 |
| Source of infections | ||||
| Household contact | 494 of 546 (90.5%) | 245 of 278 (88.1%) | 249 of 268 (92.9%) | .060 |
| Hospital-acquired infections | 52 of 546 (9.5%) | 33 of 278 (11.9%) | 19 of 268 (7.1%) | |
| Disease risk | ||||
| Health care workers | 45 of 547 (8.2%) | 36 of 279 (12.9%) | 9 of 268 (3.4%) | .000 |
| Family member of health care workers | 67 of 547 (12.2%) | 42 of 279 (15.1%) | 25 of 268 (9.3%) | |
| Not health care workers or their family members | 435 of 547 (79.5%) | 201 of 279 (72.0%) | 234 of 268 (87.3%) | |
| Time of onset (d)∗ | 54 (51-56) | 54 (52-56) | 54 (51-56) | .394 |
| Time from onset to outpatient visit (d) | 3 (1-6) | 3 (1-5) | 4 (1-7) | .018 |
| 0-3 | 283 of 522 (54.2%) | 158 of 270 (58.5%) | 125 of 252 (49.6%) | .044 |
| >3 | 239 of 522 (45.8%) | 112 of 270 (41.5%) | 127 of 252 (50.4%) | |
| Time from onset to hospitalization (d) | 10 (7-12) | 9 (7-12) | 10 (7-12) | .035 |
| No. of hospital visits ≥2 | 307 of 548 (56.0%) | 144 of 279 (51.6%) | 163 of 269 (60.6%) | .039 |
| Smoking history | ||||
| Never smokers | 452 of 544 (83.1%) | 238 of 279 (85.3%) | 214 of 265 (80.8%) | .051 |
| Former smokers | 51 of 544 (9.4%) | 18 of 279 (14.7%) | 33 of 265 (12.5%) | |
| Current smokers | 41 of 544 (7.5%) | 23 of 279 (8.2%) | 18 of 265 (6.8%) | |
| Underlying comorbidity | ||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 17 of 548 (3.1%) | 4 of 279 (1.4%) | 13 of 269 (4.8%) | .026 |
| Asthma | 5 of 548 (0.9%) | 2 of 279 (0.7%) | 3 of 269 (1.1%) | .681 |
| Tuberculosis | 9 of 548 (1.6%) | 5 of 279 (1.8%) | 4 of 269 (1.5%) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes | 83 of 548 (15.1%) | 31 of 279 (11.1%) | 52 of 269 (19.3%) | .009 |
| Hypertension | 166 of 548 (30.3%) | 62 of 279 (22.2%) | 104 of 269 (38.7%) | .000 |
| Coronary heart disease | 34 of 548 (6.2%) | 6 of 279 (2.2%) | 28 of 269 (10.4%) | .000 |
| Hepatitis B | 5 of 548 (0.9%) | 3 of 279 (1.1%) | 2 of 269 (0.7%) | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10 of 547 (1.8%) | 4 of 278 (1.4%) | 6 of 269 (2.2%) | .539 |
| Tumor | 24 of 513 (4.7%) | 10 of 256 (3.9%) | 14 of 257 (5.5%) | .531 |
| Previous drugs use | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 42 of 545 (7.7%) | 23 of 279 (8.2%) | 19 of 266 (7.1%) | .748 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 6 of 548 (1.1%) | 4 of 279 (1.4%) | 2 of 269 (0.7%) | .686 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 5 of 548 (0.9%) | 3 of 279 (1.1%) | 2 of 269 (0.7%) | 1.000 |
| Antibiotics | 7 of 548 (1.3%) | 3 of 279 (1.1%) | 4 of 269 (1.5%) | .720 |
| Anticoagulants | 16 of 547 (2.9%) | 5 of 278 (1.8%) | 11 of 269 (4.1%) | .132 |
| Immunosuppressant drugs | 5 of 548 (0.9%) | 3 of 279 (1.1%) | 2 of 269 (0.7%) | 1.000 |
| Antiviral drugs | 2 of 548 (0.4%) | 1 of 279 (0.4%) | 1 of 269 (0.4%) | 1.000 |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Fever at preadmission | 476 of 500 (95.2%) | 248 of 260 (95.4%) | 228 of 240 (95.0%) | 1.000 |
| Highest temperature (°C) | 38.8 (38.2-39) | 38.8 (38-39) | 38.8 (38.4-39) | .416 |
| Duration (d) | 9 (6-11) | 8.5 (6-11) | 10 (7-12) | .031 |
| Fatigue | 258 of 548 (47.1%) | 128 of 279 (45.9%) | 130 of 269 (48.3%) | .608 |
| Sore throat | 28 of 548 (5.1%) | 17 of 279 (6.1%) | 11 of 269 (4.1%) | .335 |
| Cough | 415 of 548 (75.7%) | 212 of 279 (76.0%) | 203 of 269 (75.5%) | .921 |
| Chest pain | 41 of 548 (7.5%) | 25 of 279 (9.0%) | 16 of 269 (6.0%) | .197 |
| Dyspnea | 310 of 548 (56.6%) | 112 of 279 (40.1%) | 198 of 269 (73.6%) | .000 |
| Chest tightness | 162 of 425 (38.1%) | 86 of 245 (42.2%) | 76 of 180 (38.1%) | .157 |
| Dizziness | 56 of 548 (10.2%) | 29 of 279 (10.4%) | 27 of 269 (10.0%) | 1.000 |
| Confusion | 17 of 548 (3.1%) | 1 of 279 (0.4%) | 16 of 269 (6.0%) | .000 |
| Headache | 62 of 548 (11.3%) | 37 of 279 (13.3%) | 25 of 269 (9.3%) | .177 |
| Myalgia | 111 of 548 (20.3%) | 62 of 279 (22.2%) | 49 of 269 (18.2%) | .288 |
| Vomiting | 45 of 548 (8.2%) | 25 of 279 (9.0%) | 20 of 269 (7.4%) | .537 |
| Diarrhea | 179 of 548 (32.7%) | 94 of 279 (33.7%) | 85 of 269 (31.6%) | .649 |
| Abdominal pain | 16 of 548 (2.9%) | 4 of 279 (1.4%) | 12 of 269 (4.5%) | .043 |
| Administration of systemic corticosteroids preadmission | 64 of 540 (11.9%) | 22 of 274 (8.0%) | 42 of 266 (15.8%) | .007 |
| Duration (d) | 1 (0-3) | 0 (0-1) | 2.5 (1-4) | .000 |
| Cumulative dose† (mg) | 50 (0-150) | 0 (0-66.7) | 100 (50-187.5) | .000 |
| Administration of antiviral drugs preadmission | ||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 13 of 541 (2.4%) | 10 of 276 (3.6%) | 3 of 265 (1.1%) | .089 |
| Umifenovir | 177 of 538 (32.9%) | 113 of 274 (41.2%) | 64 of 264 (24.2%) | .000 |
| Oseltamivir | 189 of 538 (35.1%) | 112 of 274 (40.9%) | 77 of 264 (29.2%) | .005 |
| Ribavirin | 8 of 538 (1.5%) | 2 of 274 (0.7%) | 6 of 264 (2.3%) | .169 |
Data are expressed as median (IQR), n (%), or n of N (%), where N is the total number of patients with available data. P values comparing nonsevere cases and severe cases are from χ2 test, Fisher exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test.
ACEI/ARB, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker; IQR, interquartile range.
∗
Days from December 1, 2019, to the date of onset.
†
Equivalent doses of prednisone.