Fig. 16.

Cholesterol biosynthesis pathway with probable sites of vanadium action (I) along with changes in the lipid profile in humans occupationally exposed to vanadium (II) and in diabetic patients receiving inorganic vanadium salts (III). CoA: coenzyme A, 3-HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA, IPP: isopentenyl-5-pyrophosphate, GPP: geranyl-pyrophosphate, FPP: farnesyl-pyrophosphate, C: cholesterol, HDL: high-density lipoproteins, LDL: low-density lipoproteins, HDL-C: HDL cholesterol, ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A, TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: LDL cholesterol, ApoB: apolipoprotein B, VOSO₄: vanadyl sulfate, NaVO₃: sodium metavanadate. Based on available literature data cited in section 8.2.2.9.