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. 2020 Apr 12;159:112214. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112214

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Fig. 3 — Emerging transduction approaches associated with electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection. a) A nanostructured Au microelectrode array with high curvature (De Luna et al. 2017). b) Cell-imprinted polymer (CIP) with ‘artificial’ biorecognition elements for detection of E. coli using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4- redox probe (Jafari et al. 2019).