. 2020 Apr 12;159:112214. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112214

Table 1.

Classification of label-free electrochemical biosensors for detection of pathogens in terms of: target, working electrode, biorecognition element, electrochemical method, limit of detection, and electrochemical probe. Abbreviations: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), plaque-forming unit (PFU), colony-forming unit (CFU), indium tin oxide (ITO), carbon nanotube (CNT), magnetic bead (MB), nanoparticle (NP), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), hemagglutination units (HAU), and median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀).

Target Pathogen	Working Electrode	Biorecognition Element	Electrochemical Method & Probe	Limit of Detection	Reference
E. coli	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	polyclonal anti-E.coli	EIS	10⁴ CFU/mL	Radke and Alocilja (2005)
E. coli	ITO electrode	monoclonal anti-E. coli	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	4 × 10³ CFU/mL	Zhang et al. (2005)
E. coli	chromium interdigitated microelectrode array	anti-E. coli	EIS	–	Suehiro et al. (2006)
S. typhimurium	ITO interdigitated microelectrode array	anti-S. typhimurium	EIS	10 CFU/mL	Yang and Li (2006)
V. cholerae	carbon electrode	polyclonal anti-V. cholerae	amperometry	8 CFU/mL	Sharma et al. (2006)
E. coli	Pt wire electrode	polyclonal anti-E. coli	potentiometry	9 × 10⁵ CFU/mL	Boehm et al. (2007)
E. coli	Au microelectrode	polyclonal anti-E.coli	EIS	10 CFU/mL	Maalouf et al. (2007)
L. monocytogenes	TiO₂ nanowires on Au electrode	monoclonal anti-L. monocytogenes	EIS	470 CFU/mL	Wang et al. (2008)
E. coli	Au electrode	polyclonal anti-E. coli	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	50 CFU/mL	Geng et al. (2008)
S. typhimurium	Au electrode	polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	10 CFU/mL	Pournaras et al. (2008)
S. typhimurium	Au microelectrode	anti-S. typhimurium	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	500 CFU/mL	Nandakumar et al. (2008)
E. coli	graphite interdigitated microelectrode array	E. coli-specific bacteriophages	EIS	10⁴ CFU/mL	Shabani et al. (2008)
S. typhimurium	Au electrode	polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium	EIS	100 CFU/mL	Mantzila et al. (2008)
S. typhimurium	macroporous silicon electrode	anti-S. typhimurium	EIS	10³ CFU/mL	Das et al. (2009)
West Nile virus (WNV)	nanostructured alumina on Pt wire electrode	monoclonal anti-WNV	AC voltammetry	0.02 viruses/mL	Nguyen et al. (2009)
S. typhimurium	Au electrode	monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	100 CFU/mL	La Belle et al. (2009)
S. typhimurium	CNTs on carbon rod electrode	anti-S. typhimurium aptamer	potentiometry	0.2 CFU/mL	Zelada-Guillen et al. (2009)
E. coli	Au electrode	anti-E. coli	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	3.3 CFU/mL	Escamilla-Gomez et al. (2009)
B. anthracis	Ag electrode	monoclonal and polyclonal anti-B. anthracis	conductometry	420 spores/mL	Pal and Alocilja (2009)
E. coli	polysilicon interdigitated microelectrode array	polyclonal anti-E. coli	EIS	300 CFU/mL	de la Rica et al. (2009)
E. coli	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	E. coli-specific bacteriophages	EIS	10⁴ CFU/mL	Mejri et al. (2010)
E. coli	CNTs on carbon rod electrode	anti-E. coli aptamer	potentiometry	6 CFU/mL	Zelada-Guillen et al. (2010)
Campylobacter jejuni	Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles on carbon electrode	monoclonal anti-Flagellin A	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	10³ CFU/mL	Huang et al. (2010)
marine pathogenic sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB)	AuNPs on nickel foam electrode	anti-SRB	EIS	21 CFU/mL	Wan et al. (2010)
E. coli	Ag nanofiber array electrode	monoclonal and polyclonal anti-E. coli	conductometry	61 CFU/mL	Luo et al. (2010)
bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)	Ag nanofiber array electrode	monoclonal and polyclonal anti-BVDV	conductometry	103 CCID/mL	Luo et al. (2010)
E. coli	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	magainin I peptide	EIS	10³ CFU/mL	Mannoor et al. (2010)
E. coli	Au rod electrode	concanavalin A lectin	capacitive	12 CFU/mL	Jantra et al. (2011)
rotavirus	graphene microelectrode	monoclonal anti-rotavirus	CV	10³ PFU/mL	Liu et al. (2011)
human influenza A virus H3N2	Au electrode	polyclonal anti-H3N2	EIS	8 ng/mL	Hassen et al. (2011)
E. coli	Au microelectrode	polyclonal anti-E. coli	capacitive, EIS, CV; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	220 CFU/mL	Li et al. (2011)
Enterobacter cloacae	Au electrode	concanavalin A lectin, ricinus communis agglutinin lectin	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	1 × 10³ CFU/mL	Xi et al. (2011)
E. coli	Au electrode	concanavalin A lectin, ricinus communis agglutinin lectin	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	100 CFU/mL	Xi et al. (2011)
B. subtilis	Au electrode	concanavalin A lectin	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	1 × 10⁴ CFU/mL	Xi et al. (2011)
E. coli	Pt wire electrode	anti-E. coli	EIS	100 CFU/mL	Tan et al. (2011)
S. aureus	Pt wire electrode	anti-S. aureus	EIS	100 CFU/mL	Tan et al. (2011)
marine pathogenic sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB)	graphene/chitosan composite on carbon electrode	anti-SRB	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	18 CFU/mL	Wan et al. (2011)
swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1	PDDA/CNT composite on Au microelectrode	anti-SIV	conductometry	180 TCID₅₀/mL	Lee et al. (2011)
E. coli	graphene microelectrode	anti-E. coli	amperometry	10 CFU/mL	Huang et al. (2011)
E. coli	PEDOT:PSS electrode	anti-E. coli	amperometry	10³ CFU/mL	He et al. (2012)
dengue type 2 virus (DENV-2)	nanostructured alumina on Pt wire electrode	monoclonal anti-DENV-2	DPV; Ferrocene methanol	1 PFU/mL	Cheng et al. (2012)
DENV-2	nanostructured alumina on Pt wire electrode	monoclonal anti-DENV-2	CV, EIS; Ferrocene methanol	1 PFU/mL	Nguyen et al. (2012)
human influenza A viruses H1N1 and H3N2	silicon nanowire electrode array	anti-H1N1, anti-H3N2	conductometry	2.9 × 10⁴ viruses/mL	Shen et al. (2012)
E. coli	AuNP/Chitosan/CNT and SiO2/thionine NP composite on Au electrode	monoclonal anti-E. coli	CV	250 CFU/mL	Li et al. (2012)
E. coli	CNT/polyallylamine composite on graphite electrode	monoclonal anti-E. coli	ASV	800 cells/mL	Viswanathan et al. (2012)
Campylobacter	CNT/polyallylamine composite on graphite electrode	monoclonal anti-Campylobacter	ASV	400 cells/mL	Viswanathan et al. (2012)
S. typhimurium	CNT/polyallylamine composite on graphite electrode	monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium	ASV	400 cells/mL	Viswanathan et al. (2012)
S. aureus	CNT electrode	anti-S. aureus aptamer	potentiometry	800 CFU/mL	Zelada-Guillen et al. (2012)
E. coli	Au electrode	mannose carbohydrate ligand	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	100 CFU/mL	Guo et al. (2012)
S. aureus	graphene interdigitated microelectrode array	odoranin-HP peptide	conductometry	1 × 10⁴ cells/mL	Mannoor et al. (2012)
Helicobacter pylori	graphene interdigitated microelectrode array	odoranin-HP peptide	conductometry	100 cells	Mannoor et al. (2012)
L. innocua	Au electrode	L. innocua-specific bacteriophage	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	1.1 × 10⁴ CFU/mL	Tolba et al. (2012)
E. coli	polyaniline on Au electrode	monoclonal anti-E. coli	EIS	100 CFU/mL	Chowdhury et al. (2012).
E. coli	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	anti-E. coli	EIS	2.5 × 10⁴ CFU/mL	Dweik et al. (2012).
E. coli	ultra-nanocrystalline diamond microelectrode array	anti-E. coli	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	1 × 10³ CFU/mL	Siddiqui et al. (2012).
human influenza A virus H1N1	Au microelectrode	phenotype-specific sialic acid-galactose moieties	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	–	Wicklein et al. (2013)
E. coli	Au electrode	E. coli-specific bacteriophages	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	800 CFU/mL	Tlili et al. (2013)
DENV-2, dengue virus 3 (DENV-3)	Pt-coated nanostructured alumina membrane electrode	monoclonal anti-dengue	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	0.23 PFU/mL, 0.71 PFU/mL	Peh and Li (2013)
cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)	polypyrrole nanoribbons on Au microelectrode array	polyclonal anti-CMV	amperometry	10 ng/mL	Chartuprayoon et al. (2013)
E. coli	Au electrode	polyclonal anti-E. coli	EIS; Fe(CN)₆^3-	2 CFU/mL	Barreiros dos Santos et al. (2013)
E. coli	AuNPs on reduced graphene oxide microelectrode	anti-E. coli	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	150 CFU/mL	Wang et al. (2013)
E. coli	Ag/AgCl wire electrode	anti-E. coli	EIS	10 CFU/mL	Joung et al. (2013)
murine norovirus (MNV)	AuNPs on carbon electrode	anti-norovirus (MNV) aptamer	SWV, fluorescence; Fe(CN)₆³^-/Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺	180 viruses	Giamberardino et al. (2013)
rotavirus	reduced graphene oxide microelectrode	anti-rotavirus	amperometry	100 PFU	Liu et al. (2013)
S. typhimurium	AuNP-functionalized poly(amidoamine)-CNT-chitosan composite on carbon electrode	anti- S. typhimurium	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	500 CFU/mL	Dong et al. (2013)
E. coli	Au-tungsten microwire electrode	monoclonal anti-E. coli	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	5 CFU/mL	Lu et al. (2013)
E. coli	Pt wire electrode	anti-E. coli	EIS	10 CFU/mL	Chan et al. (2013)
S. aureus	reduced graphene oxide on carbon rod electrode	anti-S. aureus aptamer	potentiometry	1 CFU/mL	Hernandez et al. (2014)
E. coli	PAA/PD/CNT composite on carbon electrode	anti-E. coli	ASV	13 CFU/mL	Chen et al. (2014)
S. typhimurium	AuNPs on graphene oxide on carbon electrode	anti-S. typhimurium aptamer	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	3 CFU/mL	Ma et al. (2014)
S. aureus	AuNPs on reduced graphene oxide on carbon electrode	anti-S. aureus synthetic aptamer	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	10 CFU/mL	Jia et al. (2014)
E. coli	Au electrode	mannose carbohydrate ligand	CV, mass change	1 CFU/mL	Yazgan et al. (2014)
L. monocytogenes	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	leucocin A antimicrobial peptide	EIS	10³ CFU/mL	Etayash et al. (2014)
S. typhimurium	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium	EIS	3 × 10³ CFU/mL	Dastider et al. (2015)
S. aureus	Au electrode	polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	10 CFU/mL	Bekir et al. (2015)
E. coli	CNTs on Au electrode	clavanin A peptide	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	100 CFU/mL	Andrade et al. (2015)
Klebsiella pneumoniae	CNTs on Au electrode	clavanin A peptide	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	10³ CFU/mL	Andrade et al. (2015)
Enterococcus faecalis	CNTs on Au electrode	clavanin A peptide	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	10³ CFU/mL	Andrade et al. (2015)
B. subtilis	CNTs on Au electrode	clavanin A peptide	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	100 CFU/mL	Andrade et al. (2015)
E. coli	PEI/CNT composite on carbon electrode	E. coli-specific bacteriophages	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	50 CFU/mL	Zhou and Ramasamy (2015)
dengue virus 1–4	AuNPs on Au electrode	anti-DENV-1, anti-DENV-2, anti-DENV-3, anti-DENV-4	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	–	Luna et al. (2015)
E. coli	ITO microelectrode	monoclonal anti-E. coli	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	1 CFU/mL	Barreiros dos Santos et al. (2015)
avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	monoclonal anti-AIV-H5N1	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	4 HAU/mL	Lin et al. (2015)
C. parvum	AuNPs on carbon electrode	anti-C. parvum aptamer	SWV; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	100 oocysts	Iqbal et al. (2015)
E. coli	CNT-coated Au-tungsten microwire electrodes	polyclonal anti-E. coli	amperometry	100 CFU/mL	Yamada et al. (2016)
S. aureus	CNT-coated Au-tungsten microwire electrodes	polyclonal anti-S. aureus	amperometry	100 CFU/mL	Yamada et al. (2016)
S. aureus	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	anti-S. aureus	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	1.3 CFU/mL	Primiceri et al. (2016)
L. monocytogenes	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	anti-L. monocytogenes	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	5 CFU/mL	Primiceri et al. (2016)
norovirus	Au microelectrode	anti-norovirus aptamer	SWV; Fe(CN)₆³^-/Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺	10 PFU/mL	Kitajima et al. (2016)
avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	anti-AIV-H5N1 aptamer	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	4.2 HAU/mL	Callaway et al. (2016)
S. typhimurium	poly[pyrrole-co-3-carboxyl-pyrrole] copolymer electrode	anti-S. typhimurium aptamer	EIS	3 CFU/mL	Sheikhzadeh et al. (2016)
E. coli	polysilicon interdigitated microelectrodes	polyclonal anti-E. coli	EIS	–	Mallén-Alberdi et al. (2016)
human influenza A virus H3N2	Au electrode	phenotype-specific oligoethylene glycol moieties	EIS	1.3 × 10⁴ viruses/mL	Hushegyi et al. (2016)
E. coli	PEI/CNT composite on Au microwire electrode	polyclonal anti-E. coli	amperometry	100 CFU/mL	Lee and Jun (2016)
V. cholerae	CeO₂ nanowires on Pt microelectrode	anti-V. cholerae	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	100 CFU/mL	Tam and Thang (2016)
S. aureus	PEI/CNT composite on Au microwire electrode	polyclonal anti-S. aureus	amperometry	100 CFU/mL	Lee and Jun (2016)
E. coli	graphene microelectrode	polyclonal anti-E. coli	amperometry	5 × 10³ CFU/mL	Wu et al. (2016)
E. coli	Au electrode	concanavalin A lectin	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	75 cells/mL	Yang et al. (2016b)
E. coli	Pt wire electrodes	anti-E. coli	EIS	100 CFU/mL	Tian et al. (2016)
S. aureus	Pt wire electrodes	anti-S. aureus	EIS	100 CFU/mL	Tian et al. (2016)
B. subtilis	CNTs on Au interdigitated microelectrode array	polyclonal anti-B. subtilis	conductometry	100 CFU/mL	Yoo et al. (2017)
S. epidermidis	Au microelectrode	S. epidermidis-imprinted poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) polymer film	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	10³ CFU/mL	Golabi et al. (2017)
norovirus	graphene/AuNP composite on carbon electrode	anti-norovirus aptamer	DPV; Ferrocene	100 pM	Chand and Neethirajan (2017)
norovirus	Au electrode	synthetic norovirus-specific peptide	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	7.8 copies/mL	Hwang et al. (2017)
E. coli	CuO/cysteine/reduced graphene/Au oxide electrode	monoclonal anti-E. coli	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	3.8 CFU/mL	Pandey et al. (2017)
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)	carbon NPs on carbon electrode	monoclonal anti-JEV	CV, EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	2 ng/mL	Chin et al. (2017)
S. aureus	CNTs on carbon electrode	polyclonal anti-S. aureus	DPV; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	13 CFU/mL	Bhardwaj et al. (2017)
human influenza A virus H1N1	PEDOT film electrode	hemagglutinin-specific trisaccharide ligand	EIS, potentiometry, mass change; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	0.013 HAU	Hai et al. (2017)
human influenza A virus H1N1	reduced graphene oxide on Au microelectrode	monoclonal anti-H1N1	chrono-amperometry; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	0.5 PFU/mL	Singh et al. (2017b)
E. coli	Au microelectrode	E. coli-imprinted MAH/HEMA polymer film	capacitive	70 CFU/mL	Idil et al. (2017)
E. coli	chitosan/polypyrrole/CNT/AuNP composite on graphite electrode	monoclonal coli	CV; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	30 CFU/mL	Güner et al. (2017)
S. dysenteriae	AuNPs on carbon electrode	anti-S. dysenteriae aptamer	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	1 CFU/mL	Zarei et al. (2018)
human influenza A virus H1N1	PEDOT:PSS film electrode	hemagglutinin-specific trisaccharide ligand	amperometry	0.015 HAU	Hai et al. (2018)
S. aureus	fluoride-doped tin oxide electrode	S. aureus-imprinted Ag–MnO₂ film	DPV; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	10³ CFU/mL	Divagar et al. (2019)
E. coli	Au microelectrode	E. coli-imprinted TEOS/MTMS sol-gel film	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	1 CFU/mL	Jafari et al. (2019)
norovirus	Au electrode	norovirus-specific peptide	EIS; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	1.7 copies/mL	Baek et al. (2019)
C. parvum	Au interdigitated microelectrode array	monoclonal anti-C. parvum	Capacitive; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	40 cells/mm²	Luka et al. (2019)
E. coli	4-(3-pyrrol) butryic acid electrode	concanavalin A lectin, Arachis hypogaea lectin	EIS	6 × 10³ CFU/mL	Saucedo et al. (2019)
B. subtilis	4-(3-pyrrol) butryic acid electrode	concanavalin A lectin, Arachis hypogaea lectin	EIS	6 × 10³ CFU/mL	Saucedo et al. (2019)
E. coli	silica NPs on polyelectrolyte multilayer on Au electrode	polyclonal anti-E. coli	CV; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	2 × 10³ CFU/mL	Mathelie-Guinlet et al. (2019)
E. coli	silica NPs on polyelectrolyte multilayer on Au electrode	polyclonal anti-E. coli	CV; Fe(CN)₆³^-^/4-	2 × 10³ CFU/mL	Mathelie-Guinlet et al. (2019)