Table 1.
Characteristics of the 10 Articles Included in Meta-Analysis.
| ID | Author, Year | Country | Study Design | Age Range (Years) | Paticipants | Level Comparison (Highest Vs Lowest) | Adjustment for Covariates | Quality Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wang et al12 | China | Cross-sectional study | 40 years or older | 3390 | Q4 vs Q1 | Adjusted2 | 8 |
| 2 | Trasande et al23 | United States | Cross-sectional study | 6 years or older | 2838 | Q4 vs Q1 | Adjusted2 | 7 |
| 3 | Do et al24 | Canada | Survey | 18-79 years | 4733 | Q4 vs Q1 | Adjusted2 | 7 |
| 4 | Shankar et al25 | United States | Survey | 20 years or older | 4792 | Q4 vs Q1 | Adjusted2 | 6 |
| 5 | Bhandari et al11 | United States | Survey | 6-18 years | 2200 | Q4 vs Q1 | Adjusted2 | 6 |
| 6 | Hao et al26 | China | Cohort | >40 years | 888 | T3 vs T1 | Adjusted2 | 7 |
| 7 | Liu et al27 | United States | Cross-sectional study | 20 years or older | 1709 | Q4 vs Q1 | Adjusted3 | 7 |
| 8 | Eng et al28 | United States | Cross-sectional study | 6-18 years | 3370 | Q4 vs Q1 | Adjusted2 | 8 |
| 9 | Carwile and Michels29 | United States | Cross-sectional study | 18-74 years | 2747 | Q4 vs Q1 | Adjusted2 | 7 |
| 10 | Li et al30 | China | Cross-sectional study | – | 1326 | Q4 vs Q1 | Adjusted2 | 6 |