Table 1.
Studies Included in Meta-Analysis on Differential Evaluation/Expectation of Men’s and Women’s Sexual Behavior.
| Study | Sample | N | Age | Education | Gender equality country | Ethnicity | Measure | Questionnaire | Conceptualization | Sexual behavior | Year | Publication | Design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allgeier & Fogel (1978) | ♂ | 60 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | V | AT | MO | 1978 | J | BS | ||
| ♀ | 59 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | V | AT | MO | 1978 | J | BS | |||
| Axinn et al. (2011) | ♂♀ | 904 | 31 | M | 0.7645 | Q | O | AT | ESD | 2011 | J | WS | |
| Barron (2010) | ♂ | 150 | 21 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | CP | 2011 | D | BS | |
| ♀ | 150 | 21 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | CP | 2011 | D | BS | ||
| Bauman & Wilson (1976) | ♂’68 | 98 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 5 | AT | CS, PSLA | 1968 | J | WS | |
| ♀’68 | 88 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 5 | AT | CS, PSLA | 1968 | J | WS | ||
| ♂’72 | 107 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 5 | AT | CS, PSLA | 1972 | J | WS | ||
| ♀’72 | 68 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 5 | AT | CS, PSLA | 1972 | J | WS | ||
| Boyer & Galupo (2015) | ♂♀ | 348 | 20 | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | CS | 2015 | J | BS | ||
| Castaneda & Collins (1998) | ♂US | 35 | 22 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | MO | 1998 | J | BS | |
| ♀US | 71 | 22 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | MO | 1998 | J | BS | ||
| ♂Mex | 56 | 21 | H | 0.7645 | LH | V | AT | MO | 1998 | J | BS | ||
| ♀Mex | 74 | 21 | H | 0.7645 | LH | V | AT | MO | 1998 | J | BS | ||
| Conley et al. (2013) | 1a:♂♀ | 195 | 22 | 0.7645 | M | V | S | CS | 2013 | J | BS | ||
| 1b:♂♀ | 87 | 24 | 0.7645 | M | V | S | CS accept | 2013 | J | BS | |||
| 87 | 24 | 0.7645 | M | V | CS refuse | 2013 | J | BS | |||||
| 2a:♂♀ | 1029 | 22 | 0.7645 | W | V | S | CS accept | 2013 | J | BS | |||
| 1030 | 22 | 0.7645 | W | V | CS refuse | 2013 | J | BS | |||||
| 2b:♂♀ | 369 | 30 | 0.7645 | W | V | S | CS | 2013 | J | BS | |||
| Do & Fu (2010) | ♂ | 6,643 | M | 0.697 | EA | Q | O | AT | PSU | 2010 | J | WS | |
| ♀ | 6,973 | M | 0.697 | EA | Q | O | AT | PSU | 2010 | J | WS | ||
| Dollar et al. (2004) | ♂♀ | 240 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | CP | 2004 | J | BS | |
| Donald (1983) | ♂ | 100 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | MO | 1983 | D | WS | |
| ♀ | 100 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | MO | 1983 | D | WS | ||
| Eisenman & Dantzker (2006) | ♂ | 128 | 19–25 | 0.7645 | LH | Q | O | AT | MO | 2006 | J | WS | |
| ♀ | 199 | 19–25 | 0.7645 | LH | Q | O | AT | MO | 2006 | J | WS | ||
| Ford et al. (2003) | ♂ | 597 | >25 | M | 0.6385 | LH | Q | O | AT | CS, IA, PSU | 2003 | J | WS |
| Garcia (1982) | ♂♀ | 80 | 19–25 | 0.7645 | V | AT | MO | 1982 | J | BS | |||
| ♂♀ | 79 | 19–25 | 0.7645 | V | AT | MO | 1982 | J | BS | ||||
| Guo (2019) | ♂W | 182 | 33 | M | 0.7645 | W | Q | O | AT | CS, ACT, PSU | 2019 | J | WS |
| ♀W | 152 | 34 | M | 0.7645 | W | Q | O | AT | CS, ACT, PSU | 2019 | J | WS | |
| ♂A | 103 | 30 | M | 0.7645 | O | Q | O | AT | CS, ACT, PSU | 2019 | J | WS | |
| ♀A | 69 | 31 | M | 0.7645 | O | Q | O | AT | CS, ACT, PSU | 2019 | J | WS | |
| Haavio-Mannila & Kontula (2003) | ♂F’71 | 1081 | >25 | 0.8825 | Q | O | AT | IA | 1971 | J | WS | ||
| ♀F’71 | 1044 | >25 | 0.8825 | Q | O | AT | IA | 1971 | J | WS | |||
| ♂F’92 | 1100 | >25 | 0.8825 | Q | O | AT | IA | 1992 | J | WS | |||
| ♀F’92 | 1142 | >25 | 0.8825 | Q | O | AT | IA | 1992 | J | WS | |||
| ♂F’99 | 693 | >25 | 0.8825 | Q | O | AT | IA | 1999 | J | WS | |||
| ♀F’99 | 721 | >25 | 0.8825 | Q | O | AT | IA | 1999 | J | WS | |||
| ♂Est1 | 297 | >25 | 0.8045 | Q | O | AT | IA | 2000 | J | WS | |||
| ♀Est1 | 338 | >25 | 0.8045 | Q | O | AT | IA | 2000 | J | WS | |||
| ♂Est2 | 147 | >25 | 0.8045 | Q | O | AT | IA | 2000 | J | WS | |||
| ♀Est2 | 196 | >25 | 0.8045 | Q | O | AT | IA | 2000 | J | WS | |||
| ♂R | 795 | >25 | 0.7195 | Q | O | AT | IA | 1996 | J | WS | |||
| ♀R | 1138 | >25 | 0.7195 | Q | O | AT | IA | 1996 | J | WS | |||
| Hackathorn & Harvey (2011) | ♂ | 53 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | IA | 2011 | J | BS | |
| ♀ | 62 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | IA | 2011 | J | BS | ||
| Jonason & Marks (2009) | 1:♂♀ | 120 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | V | AT | MO | 2009 | J | BS | ||
| 2:♂♀ | 105 | 21 | H | 0.7645 | V | AT | MO | 2009 | J | BS | |||
| Kaats & Davis (1970) | 1:♂ | 155 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | Q | 5 | AT | PSU | 1970 | J | WS | |
| 1:♀ | 222 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | Q | 5 | AT | PSU | 1970 | J | WS | ||
| 2:♂ | 84 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | Q | 5 | AT | PSU | 1970 | J | WS | ||
| 2:♀ | 97 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | Q | 5 | AT | PSU | 1970 | J | WS | ||
| Kleinfelter (1999) | ♂ | 69 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | S, AT | CS, ACT, ESD, MO | 1999 | D | WS | |
| ♀ | 150 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | S, AT | CS, ACT, ESD, MO | 1999 | D | WS | ||
| Koon-Magnin & Ruback (2012) | ♂♀ | 485 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | CP | 2012 | J | BS | |
| Manalastas & David (2018) | ♂ | 3,467 | 22 | M | 0.6815 | O | Q | O | AT | PSU | 2018 | J | WS |
| ♀ | 3,540 | 22 | M | 0.6815 | O | Q | O | AT | PSU | 2018 | J | WS | |
| Marks & Fraley (2005) | 1:♂♀ | 8,080 | 23 | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT | 2005 | J | BS | ||
| 2:♂♀ | 144 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT | 2005 | J | BS | ||
| Marks & Fraley (2007) | ♂♀ | 468 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT | 2007 | J | BS | |
| Marks (2008) | 1:♂♀ | 12 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT (17p) | 2008 | J | BS | |
| 2:♂♀ | 12 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT (1p) | 2008 | J | BS | ||
| 3:♂♀ | 12 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | O | AT | ACT (17p) | 2008 | J | BS | ||
| 4:♂♀ | 12 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | O | AT | ACT (1p) | 2008 | J | BS | ||
| Marks et al. (2019) | ♂♀ | 4,455 | 31 | 0.7645 | O | AT | ACT | 2018 | J | BS | |||
| Miller (2012) | ♂♀ | 1186 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 2 | AT | MO | 2012 | D | WS |
| Murstein & Mercy (1994) | ♂ | 98 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | O | AT | CS | 1994 | J | WS |
| ♀ | 148 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | O | AT | CS | 1994 | J | WS | |
| Papp et al. (2015) | ♂ | 123 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | MO | 2015 | J | BS | |
| ♀ | 185 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | MO | 2015 | J | BS | ||
| Reiss (1964) | B12-18 | 143 | 12–18 | 0.7645 | B | Q | 5 | AT | CS, PSLA, PSE | 1964 | J | WS | |
| W12-18 | 56 | 12–18 | 0.7645 | W | Q | 5 | AT | CS, PSLA, PSE | 1964 | J | WS | ||
| B19-25 | 444 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | B | Q | 5 | AT | CS, PSLA, PSE | 1964 | J | WS | |
| W19-25 | 160 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 5 | AT | CS, PSLA, PSE | 1964 | J | WS | |
| B>25 | 1,251 | >25 | 0.7645 | B | Q | 5 | AT | CS, PSLA, PSE | 1964 | J | WS | ||
| W>25 | 139 | >25 | 0.7645 | W | Q | 5 | AT | CS, PSLA, PSE | 1964 | J | WS | ||
| Robinson & Jedlicka (1982) | ♂’65 | 129 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | Q | O | AT | ACT | 1965 | J | WS | |
| ♀’65 | 115 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | Q | O | AT | ACT | 1965 | J | WS | ||
| ♂’70 | 137 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | Q | O | AT | ACT | 1970 | J | WS | ||
| ♀’70 | 158 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | Q | O | AT | ACT | 1970 | J | WS | ||
| ♂’75 | 138 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | Q | O | AT | ACT | 1975 | J | WS | ||
| ♀’75 | 298 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | Q | O | AT | ACT | 1975 | J | WS | ||
| ♂’80 | 169 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | Q | O | AT | ACT | 1980 | J | WS | ||
| ♀’80 | 230 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | Q | O | AT | ACT | 1980 | J | WS | ||
| Sahl & Keene (2010) | ♂♀ | 2871 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | CP | 2010 | J | BS | |
| Sheeran et al. (1996) | ♂ | 277 | 16 | 0.8270 | Q | O | S, AT | ACT | 1996 | J | WS | ||
| ♀ | 405 | 16 | 0.8270 | Q | O | S, AT | ACT | 1996 | J | WS | |||
| Smith et al. (2008) | ♂♀ | 151 | 18 | H | 0.7645 | V | AT | MO | 2008 | J | BS | ||
| Soller & Haynie (2017) | ♂♀ | 8,458 | 16 | M | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | AT | ESD | 2017 | J | WS |
| Spreadbury (1982) | ♂ | 38 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | O | AT | CS, PSLA, PSE | 1982 | J | WS |
| ♀ | 129 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | O | AT | CS, PSLA, PSE | 1982 | J | WS | |
| Sprecher et al. (1987) | ♂♀ | 553 | 21 | H | 0.7645 | V | AT | ESD | 1987 | J | BS | ||
| Sprecher (1989) | ♂♀ | 666 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | V | AT | MO | 1989 | J | BS | ||
| Thompson et al. (2018) | ♂♀ | 793 | 27 | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | MO | 2018 | J | BS | ||
| Ward & Rivadeneyra (1999) | ♂♀ | 314 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | S | ACT | 1999 | J | WS |
| Ward (2002) | ♂ | 97 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | S | ACT | 2002 | J | WS |
| ♀ | 172 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | S | ACT | 2002 | J | WS | |
| Weaver et al. (2013) | ♂♀ | 404 | 19 | H | 0.8385 | V | S, AT | CS | 2013 | J | BS | ||
| Young et al. (2010) | ♂ | 206 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | ACT | 2010 | J | BS | |
| ♀ | 294 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | W | V | AT | ACT | 2010 | J | BS | ||
| Young et al. (2016) | 1:♂ | 44 | 12–18 | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT | 2016 | J | BS | ||
| 1:♀ | 44 | 12–18 | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT | 2016 | J | BS | |||
| 2:♂ | 44 | 12–18 | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ESD | 2016 | J | BS | |||
| 2:♀ | 43 | 12–18 | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ESD | 2016 | J | BS | |||
| Zaikman & Marks (2014) | 1:♂ | 28 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT low | 2014 | J | BS | |
| 1:♀ | 54 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT low | 2014 | J | BS | ||
| 2:♂ | 20 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT high | 2014 | J | BS | ||
| 2:♀ | 46 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT high | 2014 | J | BS | ||
| Zaikman, Marks, et al. (2016) | 1:♂ | 58 | 33 | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT low | 2016 | J | BS | ||
| 1:♀ | 57 | 33 | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT low | 2016 | J | BS | |||
| 2:♂ | 65 | 33 | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT high | 2016 | J | BS | |||
| 2:♀ | 60 | 33 | 0.7645 | M | V | AT | ACT high | 2016 | J | BS |
Note. Numbers under questionnaire refer to double standard scale of Caron (1), sexual double standard scale of Muehlenhard (2), personal acceptance of double standard scale by Milhausen (3), scale for the assessment of sexual double standards in youth by Emmerink (4), premarital sexual standards scale by Reiss (5). H = high educational level; M = mixed; O = other; MO = mixed/other; A = Asia(n); F = Finnish; R = Russian; Est = Estonian; Mex = Mexican; US = United States; W = White/Caucasian; B = Black; LH = Latino/a/Hispanic; H = Hispanic; EA = East-Asian; Q = questionnaire; V = vignettes/scenarios; S = stereotypes; AT = attitudes; PSLA = premarital sex in love/with affection; PSE = premarital sex engaged; PSU = premarital sex unspecified; CS = casual sex; IA = infidelity/affair; CP = coercion/sex in power hierarchy; ACT = sexual activity; ESD = early sexual debut; J = journal publication; D = dissertation; C = correlational; L = longitudinal; WS = within-subjects design; BS = between-subjects design.