Table 2.
Studies Included in Meta-Analysis on SDS-Cognitions Assessed With Likert-type-Scale Questionnaires.
| Study | Sample | N | Age | Education | Gender equality country | Ethnicity | Measure | Questionnaire | Conceptualization | Sexual behavior | Year | Publication | Design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ali-Faisal (2014) | ♂♀ | 403 | 25 | H | 0.8015 | M | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2014 | D | C |
| Alves et al. (2008) | ♂ | 140 | 21 | H | 0.8230 | LH | Q | 2, 3 | S, MO | MO | 2008 | J | C |
| ♀ | 168 | 21 | H | 0.8230 | LH | Q | 2, 3 | S, MO | MO | 2008 | J | C | |
| Askun & Ataca (2007) | ♂♀ | 540 | 21 | H | 0.6540 | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2007 | J | C | |
| Balanko (2002) | ♀ | 21 | 20 | H | 0.8385 | M | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2002 | D | O |
| Bareket et al. (2018) | ♂ | 108 | 28 | 0.8115 | O | Q | O | AT | CS | 2018 | J | WS | |
| Bay-Cheng & Zucker (2007) | ♀ | 342 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2007 | J | C |
| Bliss (2013) | ♂ | 71 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2013 | D | C |
| ♀ | 82 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2013 | D | C | |
| Caron et al. (1993) | ♂ | 131 | 18 | H | 0.7645 | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 1993 | J | C | |
| ♀ | 199 | 18 | H | 0.7645 | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 1993 | J | C | ||
| Clarke et al. (2015) | ♂ | 140 | 29 | H | 0.8110 | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2015 | J | C | |
| Danube et al. (2016) | ♀ | 360 | 25 | 0.7645 | M | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2016 | J | O | |
| Diéguez et al. (2003) | ♂ | 2246 | 20 | H | 0.8330 | LH | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2003 | J | C |
| ♀ | 3,368 | 20 | H | 0.8330 | LH | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2003 | J | C | |
| Doan (2006) | ♀ | 87 | 30 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2006 | D | C |
| Eaton & Matamala (2014) | ♂ | 263 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2014 | J | C |
| ♀ | 292 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2014 | J | C | |
| Emmerink, Vanwesenbeeck, et al. (2016) | ♂ | 210 | 18 | M | 0.8465 | M | Q | 4 | AT | MO | 2016 | J | C |
| ♀ | 255 | 18 | M | 0.8465 | M | Q | 4 | AT | MO | 2016 | J | C | |
| Emmerink, Van den Eijnden, et al. (2016) | ♂ | 126 | 21 | M | 0.8465 | W | Q | 4 | AT | MO | 2016 | J | C |
| ♀ | 267 | 21 | M | 0.8465 | W | Q | 4 | AT | MO | 2016 | J | C | |
| Emmerink et al. (2017) | ♂ | 340 | 20 | M | 0.8465 | W | Q | 4 | AT | MO | 2017 | J | L |
| ♀ | 478 | 20 | M | 0.8465 | W | Q | 4 | AT | MO | 2017 | J | L | |
| Eriksson & Humphreys (2014) | ♂ | 39 | 19 | H | 0.8385 | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2014 | J | C | |
| ♀ | 184 | 19 | H | 0.8385 | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2014 | J | C | ||
| Glass (1972) | ♂ | 69 | 12–18 | 0.7645 | Q | 5 | AT | MO | 1972 | J | WS | ||
| ♀ | 211 | 12–18 | 0.7645 | Q | 5 | AT | MO | 1972 | J | WS | |||
| Greene & Faulkner (2005) | ♂ | 608 | 21 | M | 0.7645 | W | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2005 | J | C |
| ♀ | 608 | 21 | M | 0.7645 | W | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2005 | J | C | |
| Hanassab & Tidwell (1993) | ♀US | 81 | 23 | M | 0.7645 | A | Q | O | S, AT | PSU, MO | 1993 | J | C |
| ♀Iran | 193 | 21 | 0.5610 | A | Q | O | S, AT | PSU, MO | 1985 | J | C | ||
| Hearn (2001) | ♂♀ | 96 | 21 | M | 0.7645 | B | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2001 | D | C |
| Hong (2013) | ♂♀ | 165 | 52 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2013 | D | C |
| Isarabhakdi (1999) | ♂ | 577 | 18 | 0.6505 | EA | Q | 5 | AT | MO | 1999 | J | WS | |
| ♀ | 517 | 18 | 0.6505 | EA | Q | 5 | AT | MO | 1999 | J | WS | ||
| Javier (2018) | ♀ | 197 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | O | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2018 | D | C |
| Jozkowski & Ekbia (2015) | ♂♀ | 141 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2015 | J | O |
| Kettrey (2016) | ♂ | 3,436 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | AT | CS | 2016 | J | WS |
| ♀ | 7,641 | 19–25 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | AT | CS | 2016 | J | WS | |
| Kistler (2011) | >25 | 163 | >25 | M | 0.7645 | W | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2011 | D | C |
| 19–25 | 301 | 19–25 | M | 0.7645 | W | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2011 | D | C | |
| Lefkowitz et al. (2014) | ♂ | 208 | 18 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2014 | J | C |
| ♀ | 226 | 18 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2014 | J | C | |
| Levin (2010) | ♂ | 144 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | S | MO | 2010 | D | C |
| ♀ | 191 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | S | MO | 2010 | D | C | |
| Milhausen & Herold (2001) | ♂ | 167 | 21 | 0.8385 | Q | 3, O | S, AT | ACT, MO | 2001 | J | C | ||
| ♀ | 246 | 21 | 0.8385 | Q | 3, O | S, AT | ACT, MO | 2001 | J | C | |||
| Miller (2012) | ♂♀ | 1186 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2012 | D | C |
| Moyano et al. (2017) | ♂ | 448 | 16 | 0.6755 | LH | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2017 | J | C | |
| Ortiz (2012) | ♀ | 162 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2012 | D | C |
| Ortiz et al. (2016) | ♂♀ | 313 | 20 | H | 0.7645 | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2016 | J | C | |
| Quinn-Nilas & Kennett (2018) | ♀ | 222 | 21 | H | 0.8385 | W | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2018 | J | C |
| Rudman et al. (2013) | ♂ | 153 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | S, AT | MO | 2013 | J | C |
| ♀ | 350 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | S, AT | MO | 2013 | J | C | |
| Sakaluk & Milhausen (2012) | ♂ | 15 | 19 | H | 0.8385 | Q, O | 2, O | AT, MO | MO | 2012 | J | C | |
| ♀ | 88 | 19 | H | 0.8385 | Q, O | 2, O | AT, MO | MO | 2012 | J | C | ||
| Shapurian & Hojat (1985) | ♂Iran | 199 | 22 | H | 0.5610 | A | Q | O | S, AT | PSU, MO | 1985 | J | C |
| ♂UK | 780 | 12–18 | 0.8270 | W | Q | O | S, AT | PSU, MO | 1985 | J | C | ||
| ♀UK | 761 | 12–18 | 0.8270 | W | Q | O | S, AT | PSU, MO | 1985 | J | C | ||
| Shin et al. (2011) | ♂ | 3,609 | 21 | H | 0.7935 | EA | Q | O | AT | MO | 2011 | J | C |
| ♀ | 2180 | 21 | H | 0.7935 | EA | Q | O | AT | MO | 2011 | J | C | |
| Sierra et al. (2007) | ♂ | 151 | 23 | H | 0.8330 | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2007 | J | C | |
| ♀ | 249 | 23 | H | 0.8330 | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2007 | J | C | ||
| Sierra et al. (2009) | ♂ | 700 | 22 | H | 0.6565 | LH | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2009 | J | C |
| Sierra et al. (2017) | ♂ | 402 | 41 | M | 0.8330 | LH | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2017 | J | C |
| ♀ | 402 | 41 | M | 0.8330 | LH | Q | 2 | MO | MO | 2017 | J | C | |
| Sprecher et al. (2013) | ♂A | 468 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | EA | Q | O | AT | CS, PSLA | 2013 | J | WS |
| ♀A | 271 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | EA | Q | O | AT | CS, PSLA | 2013 | J | WS | |
| ♂B | 39 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | B | Q | O | AT | CS, PSLA | 2013 | J | WS | |
| ♀B | 66 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | B | Q | O | AT | CS, PSLA | 2013 | J | WS | |
| ♂H | 126 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | LH | Q | O | AT | CS, PSLA | 2013 | J | WS | |
| ♀H | 73 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | LH | Q | O | AT | CS, PSLA | 2013 | J | WS | |
| ♂W | 4,182 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | O | AT | CS, PSLA | 2013 | J | WS | |
| ♀W | 2425 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | O | AT | CS, PSLA | 2013 | J | WS | |
| Ubillos et al. (2016) | ♂ | 1341 | 14 | M | 0.8330 | LH | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2016 | J | C |
| ♀ | 1578 | 14 | M | 0.8330 | LH | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2016 | J | C | |
| Walfield (2018) | ♂ | 617 | 35 | M | 0.7645 | W | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2018 | J | C |
| ♀ | 603 | 35 | M | 0.7645 | W | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2018 | J | C | |
| Zhang et al. (2008) | ♂ | 112 | 18 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2008 | J | C |
| ♀ | 154 | 18 | H | 0.7645 | W | Q | 1 | MO | MO | 2008 | J | C | |
| Zurbriggen & Morgan (2006) | ♂ | 109 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | AT | MO | 2006 | J | C |
| ♀ | 225 | 19 | H | 0.7645 | M | Q | O | AT | MO | 2006 | J | C |
Note. Numbers under questionnaire refer to double standard scale of Caron (1), sexual double standard scale of Muehlenhard (2), personal acceptance of double standard scale by Milhausen (3), scale for the assessment of sexual double standards in youth by Emmerink (4), premarital sexual standards scale by Reiss (5). H = high educational level; M = mixed; O = other; MO = mixed/other; A = Asia(n); UK = United Kingdom; US = United States; W = White/Caucasian; B = Black; LH = Latino/a/Hispanic; H = Hispanic; EA = East-Asian; Q = questionnaire; S = stereotypes; AT = attitudes; PSLA = premarital sex in love/with affection; PSU = premarital sex unspecified; CS = casual sex; ACT = sexual activity; J = journal publication; D = dissertation; C = correlational; L = longitudinal; WS = within-subjects design.