Table 3.

Meta-Analytic Results of Moderators of the Differential Evaluation and Expectation of the Sexual Behavior of Men and Women.

Moderator	#k	#IS	#ES	β0, da (95% CI)	β1 (95% CI)	F test	p	Variance levelb
								1		3
								σ2	I 2	σ2	I 2
Measurement and design
SDS conceptualization						F(1,275) = 17.60	<.001	0.065**	60.99	0.036**	34.14
Stereotype	9	14	54	0.536 [0.386, 0.687]**
Attitude	45	106	223	0.194 [0.120, 0.502]**	−0.342 [−0.502, −0.181]**
Measurement type						F(1,274) = 0.370	.544	0.068**	55.65	0.049**	40.14
Questionnaire	20	59	138	0.227 [0.110, 0.345]**
Vignette/scenario	31	56	138	0.276 [0.172, 0.379]**	0.048 [−0.108, 0.205]
Study design						F(1,275) = 0.400	.527	0.068**	56.74	0.047**	38.98
Within subjects	22	63	150	0.228 [0.118, 0.338]**
Between subjects	30	53	127	0.277 [0.172, 0.382]**	0.049 [−0.103, 0.201]
Sexual behaviorsc						F(9,267) = 6.878	<.001	0.048**	42.19	0.061**	53.28
Coercion (perpetrator)	3	4	7	−0.168 [−0.471, 0.113]
Coercion (victim)	3	3	7	0.797 [0.487, 1.106]**	1.172 [0.840, 1.504]**
Casual sex	15	29	70	0.328 [0.203, 0.452]**	0.496 [0.167, 0.826]**
Sexual infidelity	3	15	15	0.263 [−0.020, 0.546]†	0.426 [−0.015, 0.867]†
Sexual activity level	16	43	86	0.280 [0.162, 0.399]**	0.449 [0.123, 0.776]**
Premarital sex: love/affection	4	12	24	0.134 [−0.043, 0.311]	0.289 [−0.067, 0.644]
Premarital sex: engaged	2	8	8	0.129 [−0.096, 0.354]	0.273 [−0.115, 0.661]
Premarital sex: not specified	4	8	8	0.224 [−0.035, 0.482]†	0.377 [−0.042, 0.796]†
Early sexual debut	5	6	11	0.402 [0.181, 0.624]**	0.587 [0.201, 0.973]**
Other/mix	13	23	39	0.165 [0.035, 0.295]*	0.328 [−0.003, 0.660]†
Sample
Gender						F(1,143) = 0.511	.467	0.043**	58.94	0.025*	34.03
Male	25	39	74	0.175 [0.084, 0.266]**
Female	25	39	71	0.145 [0.054, 0.236]**	−0.030 [−0.113, 0.053]
Gender inequality country	52	116	277	0.252 [0.174, 0.329]**	−0.595 [−2.416, 1.226]	F(1,275) = 0.414	.521	0.067**	55.47	0.049*	40.30
Age						F(2,260) = 0.534	.587	0.070**	56.76	0.049**	39.09
Adolescents (12–18)	5	12	36	0.209 [0.016, 0.401]*
College aged (19–25)	36	69	177	0.285 [0.195, 0.374]**	0.076 [−0.125, 0.276]
Adults (>25)	10	29	50	0.208 [0.057, 0.360]**	0.000 [−0.218, 0.217]
Publication
Publication year	52	116	277	0.251 [0.174, 0.328]**	0.001 [−0.003, 0.006]	F(1,275) = 0.229	.632	0.068**	56.40	0.047**	39.33

Note. Moderators or moderator-categories other than the one’s presented above were not examined, because less than two of the moderator categories consisted of at least four studies each. #k = number of independent samples; #IS = number of independent samples; #ES = number of effect sizes; d = standardized mean difference; CI = 95% confidence interval; SDS = sexual double standard.

^aFor continuous predictors, the mean effect size d indicates the mean effect size of a participant with an average value on the corresponding predictor. ^b Variance was examined at the following levels: 1 = variance within samples, that is, between effect sizes from the same sample, 2 = variance within studies, that is, between samples from the same study, 3 = variance between studies. As there was zero variance at the second level in the overall model, this level was not presented in this table. ^c Reference category is coercion perpetrator, results of pairwise comparisons between other sexual behavior types can be found in Supplemental Appendix D (Table 4).

^†p < .10. *p < .05. **p < .01.