. 2019 Dec 27;24(2):163–190. doi: 10.1177/1088868319891310

Table 4.

Meta-Analytic Results of Moderators of Endorsement of Sexual Double Standards Assessed With Likert-Type-Scale Questionnaires.

Moderator	#k	#IS	#ES	β₀, d^a (95% CI)	β₁ (95% CI)	F test	p	Variance level^b
								1		3
								σ²	I ²	σ²	I ²
Measurement and design
SDS conceptualization						F(2,126) = 3.15	.046	0.061^**	44.11	0.077^**	55.86
Stereotype	6	13	23	0.109 [−0.075, 0.293]
Attitude	15	36	51	−0.061 [−0.213, 0.091]	−0.170 [−0.329, −0.011]^*^c
Combination	32	50	55	−0.128 [−0.245, 0.012]^*	−0.237 [−0.444, −0.030]^*
Questionnaire type						F(2,126) = 8.19	<.001	0.063^**	54.42	0.055^**	45.54
DSS	17	26	26	−0.330 [−0.480, −0.180]^**
SDSS	15	24	29	0.070 [−0.080, 0.288]	0.400 [0.188, 0.611]**^d
Other	17	40	74	0.016 [−0.114, 0.146]	0.346 [0.148, 0.545]^**
Sample
Gender						F(1,110) = 2.05	.155	0.060^**	41.40	0.086^**	58.56
Male	29	33	50	−0.011 [0.136, 0.114]
Female	34	41	62	−0.085 [−0.205, 0.035]	−0.074 [−0.177, 0.028]
Gender equality country	47	86	129	−0.078 [−0.174, 0.019]	−1.120 [−1.887, 0.353]^**	F(1,127) = 8.35	.005	0.059^**	43.15	0.078^**	56.81
Age						F(2,126) = 0.22	.805	0.063^**	42.55	0.085^**	57.42
Adolescents (12–18)	9	18	26	−0.134 [−0.314, 0.045]
College aged (19–25)	33	60	95	−0.084 [−0.199, 0.031]	0.052 [−0.133, 0.237]
Adults (>25)	8	8	9	−0.062 [−0.336, 0.212]	0.085 [−0.218, 0.388]
Publication
Publication year	47	86	129	−0.043 [−0.145, 0.059]	−0.012 [−0.021, −0.002]^*	F(1,127) = 5.66	.019	0.062^**	45.09	0.075^**	54.87

Note. Moderators or moderator-categories other than the one’s presented above were not examined, because less than two of the moderator categories consisted of at least four studies each. #k = number of studies; #IS = number of independent samples; #ES = number of effect sizes; d = standardized mean difference; CI = 95% confidence interval; SDS = sexual double standard(s); DSS = double standard scale; SDSS = sexual double standard scale.

For continuous predictors, the mean effect size d indicates the mean effect size of a participant with an average value on the corresponding predictor. ^b Variance was examined at the following levels: 1 = variance within samples, that is, between effect sizes from the same sample, 2 = variance within studies, that is, between samples from the same study, 3 = variance between studies. As there was zero variance at the second level in the overall model, this level was not presented in this table. ^c Attitudes and other cognitions do not differ significantly from each other: β = −0.067, SE = 0.09, t = −0.729, 95% CI [−0.249; 0.115], p = .468. ^d SDSS questionnaire and other questionnaires do not differ significantly from each other: β = −0.053, SE = 0.09, t = −0.568, 95% CI [−0.239; 0.133], p = .571.

p < .05. **p < .01.