Table 4.

Summary of nanoradiosensitizers based on apoptosis mechanism.

Composition	Size (nm)	Surface Chemistry	Cell Line/Model	Source Energy	DEF/SER/Effect	Ref.
Gold	5	N.A.	HSC-3	2, 4, 8 Gy	Increased cell death	[139]
Gold	18	BSA	U87	0–8 Gy	1.37	[140]
Au@Fe2O3	44	Folate	KB	2, 4 Gy	Increased cell death	[141]
Gold	55	EGFR antibody	HeLa	5, 10 Gy	Increased cell death	[121]
GNRs@mSiO2	76 × 33	RGD	MDA-MB-231	0–10 Gy	1.52	[142]
Gold	20	Cyclic RGD	NCI-H446 tumor-bearing mice	5 Gy	Inhibited tumor growth	[143]
Gold	8, 50, 187	BSA	H22 hepatoma-bearingmice	5 Gy	1.93 (8 nm), 2.02 (50 nm)	[144]
Gold	5, 12, 27, 49	PEG	HeLa	0–8 Gy	1.41 (5 nm), 1.65 (12 nm), 1.58 (27 nm), 1.42 (49 nm)	[145]
GNPs+17-AAG	N.A.	Folate	HCT-116	2 Gy	Increased cell death	[146]
Gold	78	Cisplatin	B16	0–8 Gy	1.29	[147]
Gold	30	Cetuximab	A431 tumor xenograft	25 Gy	Inhibited tumor growth	[148]
Gold	56	Anti-c-Met antibodies	CaSki	0–10 Gy	Increased cell death	[149]
Gold	50–70 × 35	siRNA	HNSCC	2.5 Gy	Increased cell death	[150]
Silver	15	Citrate	U251	4 Gy	1.64	[151]
Gadolinium based NPs	3	N.A.	SQ20B	0–4 Gy	Increased cell death	[152]
Selenium	80	PEG	A549	N.A.	Increased cell death	[153]
QDs	48	Amine	H460	6 Gy	Increased cell death	[154]
Cu2(OH)PO4	5	Poly(acrylic acid) sodium	HeLa	N.A.	Inhibited tumor growth	[155]
nMOFs	<100	N.A.	MC38	0–16 Gy	2.68	[156]
Mesoporous silica	<200	Valproic acid	C6, U87	0–8 Gy	1.71	[157]
Silica	40	Hyperbranched polyamidoamine	SK-BR3	0–8 Gy	Inhibited tumor growth	[158]
Black phosphorus QDs	3	PLGA	A375	0–4 Gy	Inhibited tumor growth	[159]
Black phosphorus nanosheets	300 × 25	N.A.	A375	4 Gy	Inhibited tumor growth	[160]
Dendrimer	20	N.A.	OCM-1	2 Gy	Increased cell death	[161]
PEG-Pep-PCL	85	Docetaxel	BGC823, SGC7901, MKN45, GES-1	0–8 Gy	1.24	[162]
Cationic copolymer	N.A.	Plasmid encoding HGFK1 gene	U87, U251	0–10 Gy	1.38	[163]
HSA	180–220	Antibody, miRNA	U87MG, LN229	0–10 Gy	1.64 (U87MG), 1.25 (LN229)	[164]

Abbreviations: DEF, dose enhancement factor; SER, sensitization enhancement ratio; N.A., not available; Ref., references.