Table 2.

Synthetic biology assisted construction of infectious agents

Year	Viral construct	Nature of genome	Construction	Test model	References
Synthetic viruses
2002	Polio virus	ssRNA	DNA driven ssRNA synthesis and in vitro phage packaging	HeLa Cell Lines & CD155tg Mice	Cello et al. (2002)
2003	Phi X-174	dsDNA	PCA assisted assembly of synthetic genome	E. coli	Smith et al. (2003)
2005	The 1918 Spanish flu virus	ssRNA	Sequencing &RT-PCR assisted assembly of eight viral RNA fragments from preserved tissues of victims	Mice	Neumann et al. (1999), Fodor et al. (1999), Hoffmann et al. (2000), Taubenberger et al. (1997), Taubenberger et al. (2005)
2005	Bacteriophage T7	dsDNA	Removing overlapping sequences and replacing > 30% of viral genome with synthetic constructs α and β	E. coli	Chan et al. (2005)
2006–07	Human endogenous retrovirus	RNA	(1)Whole genome synthesis of HERV-KcoN (2)Site directed mutagenesis assisted chemically synthesized consensus sequence of HERV-K(HML-2) named “Phoenix”	(1)HEK 293T cell lines (2)HEK 293T, BHK21, G355.5, SH-SY5Y, HeLa, WOP cell lines	(1) Lee and Bieniasz (2007)) (2) Dewannieux et al. (2006)
2006–07	HIVcpz	RNA	Chemical synthesis of consensus viral string (RNA templates isolated from fecal samples)	Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes	Keele et al. (2006), Takehisa et al. (2007)
2008	SARS-like Coronavirus	RNA	Rationale design and synthetic viral cDNA assisted viral genome assembly	Murine Vero and DBT cell lines; HAE human cell lines and BALB/c mice	Li et al. (2005), Becker et al. (2008))
Bacteria
2008	Mycoplasma genitalium syn-2.0	dsDNA	First synthetic dwarf genome (582,970 bp) consisting of 485 protein coding and 43 RNA coding genes. Segments joined by in vitro recombination (Work still continued)	E. coli	Gibson et al. (2008)
2010	Mycoplasma mycoides JCV-1-syn1.0	dsDNA	First synthetic bacterial cell consisting chemically synthesized genome with only 400 protein coding and 43 RNA coding genes	S. cerevisiae	Glass (2012)