Table 4.

Recent studies on CS based nanoparticles for AMP delivery.

System	AMP	Study Description	Authors
NPs
CS-alginate nano-capsules	-	Development of nano-capsules carriers for bioactive compounds, produced through LbL technique using, 5-aminosalycilic acid and glycomacropeptide model.	Rivera et al. [85]
CS-based nanoparticles	Vancomycin	CS particles were prepared by ionic gelation and freeze-drying or spray-drying as recovery methods. Antibacterial activity against S. aureus.	Cerchiara et al. [86]
CS-based nanoparticles	Lysozyme as model	Development of a nanoparticle model with commercially available CS loaded with lysozyme as antimicrobial protein drug model.	Piras et al. [87]
CS and poly-gamma-glutamic acid composites	LL-37	The results indicated that both LL-37 and NO were co-loaded successfully in micro particles, and the composite particles could sustain LL-37 and NO release at physiological pH, in vitro.	Sun et al. [88]
CS tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) nanoparticle	Cryptdin-2	Preparation of CS tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) NPs by ionotropic gelation. The formulation was then characterized on the basis of particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity, and antimicrobial in vivo assays against Salmonella enterica were performed.	Rishi et al. [79]
CS-based nanoparticles	Temporin B	CS-NPs were prepared based on the ionotropic gelation between CS and sodium tripolyphosphate. The nano-carrier evidenced a sustained antibacterial action against various strains of S. epidermidis.	Piras et al. [89]
Nanogels
Nanogel composites	-	Prepation of AgNPs embedded in a biocompatible nanogel comprising degradable, natural polymers. In this study, hybrid nanogels were prepared with varying polymer content and their potential by determining their antibacterial properties against E. coliand S. aureus strains.	Coll Ferrer et al. [90]
Glycol- CS nanogels	-	Study of the biocompatibility of a glycol CS nanogel by evaluation of effects on metabolic activity, cell cycles blood compatibility. Overall, the results demonstrated the safety of the use of the GC nanogel as drug delivery system.	Pereira et al. [91]
Nanofibers and films
CS thin films	hLF1-11	Immobilization performed onto CS thin films as a model for an implant coating due to its reported osteogenic and antibacterial properties. CS thin films were produced by spin-coating on Au surfaces. Activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).	Costa et al. [92]
Nanofibers	Defensin-1, Dermaseptin LL-37 Magainin 1	Alternate deposition of polycation (CS) and polyanion over cotton gauzes. Antimicrobial assays were performed with two strains: S. aureus and K. pneumonia.	Gomes et al. [92]
Food packaging systems
CS films	Nisin	Study of the efficiency as antimicrobial carriers of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose [93], chitosan (CS), sodium caseinate (SC) and polylactic acid [93] films, in the release rates of fluorescently labeled nisin Z, evaluating their potential as food packaging polymers.	Imran et al. [93]