TABLE 2.
Hemodynamic variables during preload changes.
|
Bleeding |
Fluid loading |
|||||
| Before | After | p value* | Before | After | p value* | |
| Global hemodynamics | ||||||
| CO, l⋅min–1 | 8.06 (1.65) | 7.92 (1.57) | 0.664 | 8.06 (1.84) | 8.99 (3.01) | 0.142 |
| SV, ml | 109 (17) | 111 (18) | 0.592 | 110 (18) | 116 (31) | 0.243 |
| HR, beats⋅min–1 | 74 (10) | 72 (13) | 0.347 | 73 (11) | 77 (10) | 0.029 |
| MAP, mmHg | 79 (12) | 56 (7) | <0.001 | 64 (8) | 79 (12) | 0.007 |
| PPV,% | 14 (3) | 24 (6) | <0.001 | 21 (6) | 10 (4) | 0.001 |
| SVV,% | 10 (5) | 17 (7) | 0.001 | 15 (7) | 8 (4) | 0.006 |
| Eadyn | 1.58 (0.56) | 1.53 (0.48) | 0.681 | 1.50 (0.39) | 1.42 (0.64) | 0.551 |
| LV hemodynamics | ||||||
| EDV, ml | 225 (52) | 203 (56) | 0.001 | 207 (52) | 247 (54) | <0.001 |
| ESV, ml | 115 (48) | 92 (49) | <0.001 | 97 (47) | 131 (46) | <0.001 |
| Ped, mmHg | 11 (3) | 4 (4) | <0.001 | 7 (4) | 15 (4) | <0.001 |
| Pes, mmHg | 82 (13) | 61 (8) | <0.001 | 71 (8) | 81 (11) | 0.015 |
| Ejection fraction,% | 50 (11) | 57 (12) | <0.001 | 55 (12) | 48 (11) | 0.008 |
| dP/dtmax, mmHg⋅s–1 | 1008 (192) | 862 (228) | <0.001 | 947 (199) | 1020 (157) | 0.117 |
| Arterial vascular mechanics | ||||||
| TPR, dyn⋅ < cps:it > cm < /cps:it > ⋅s–5 | 805 (194) | 580 (119) | <0.001 | 662 (178) | 768 (280) | 0.187 |
| Cart, ml⋅mmHg–1 | 4.37 (0.93) | 5.00 (1.19) | 0.001 | 4.61 (0.92) | 4.72 (1.01) | 0.384 |
| Ventriculo-arterial coupling and LV mechanical efficiency | ||||||
| Ees, mmHg⋅ml–1 | 0.40 (0.14) | 0.41 (0.16) | 0.663 | 0.42 (0.16) | 0.32 (0.12) | 0.003 |
| Ea, mmHg⋅ml–1 | 0.77 (0.20) | 0.57 (0.12) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.14) | 0.78 (0.36) | 0.182 |
| VAC (Ea/Ees) | 2.18 (0.84) | 1.58 (0.59) | <0.001 | 1.79 (0.77) | 2.58 (0.96) | 0.002 |
| SW, mmHg⋅ml | 6891 (1435) | 6047 (1035) | 0.028 | 6609 (1244) | 7522 (1833) | 0.018 |
| PE, mmHg⋅ml | 4599 (1703) | 2715 (1260) | <0.001 | 3364 (1524) | 5349 (1917) | 0.001 |
| LVeff,% | 60.6 (11.7) | 69.7 (11.4) | <0.001 | 67 (12.1) | 58.9 (12) | 0.002 |
Values are presented as means (SD). * Paired t-test for before and after each experimental intervention. LV, left ventricle; CO, cardiac output; SV, stroke volume; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; EDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; ESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; Ped, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; Pes, left ventricular end-systolic pressure; PPV, pulse pressure variation; SVV, stroke volume variation; Eadyn, dynamic arterial elastance; dP/dtmax, peak rate of left ventricular pressure; TPR, total peripheral resistance; Cart, arterial compliance; Ees, end-systolic elastance; Ea, effective arterial elastance; VAC, ventriculo-arterial coupling ratio; SW, left ventricular stroke work; PE, left ventricular potential energy; LVeff, left ventricular mechanical efficiency.