TABLE 3.
Hemodynamic variables during contractility changes.
|
Esmolol |
Dobutamine |
|||||
| Before | After | p value* | Before | After | p value* | |
| Global hemodynamics | ||||||
| CO, l⋅min–1 | 9.67 (2.31) | 6.02 (1.88) | <0.001 | 8.37 (2.06) | 11.74 (3.41) | <0.001 |
| SV, ml | 127 (25) | 88 (25) | <0.001 | 114 (19) | 136 (27) | <0.001 |
| HR, beats⋅min–1 | 78 (11) | 70 (9) | <0.001 | 73 (10) | 85 (14) | <0.001 |
| MAP, mmHg | 72 (13) | 51 (4) | <0.001 | 71 (9) | 85 (11) | <0.001 |
| PPV,% | 11 (4) | 14 (3) | <0.001 | 11 (4) | 11 (4) | 0.563 |
| SVV,% | 7 (3) | 15 (6) | <0.001 | 8 (2) | 6 (2) | 0.006 |
| Eadyn | 1.66 (0.50) | 1.06 (0.41) | <0.001 | 1.39 (0.48) | 1.77 (0.58) | 0.009 |
| LV hemodynamics | ||||||
| EDV, ml | 223 (40) | 221 (45) | 0.530 | 225 (33) | 222 (32) | 0.102 |
| ESV, ml | 96 (34) | 134 (36) | <0.001 | 109 (26) | 83 (30) | <0.001 |
| Ped, mmHg | 14 (4) | 12 (3) | 0.028 | 14 (4) | 15 (4) | 0.035 |
| Pes, mmHg | 74 (15) | 54 (8) | <0.001 | 74 (12) | 87 (14) | <0.001 |
| Ejection fraction,% | 57 (9) | 40 (9) | <0.001 | 51 (8) | 63 (11) | <0.001 |
| dP/dtmax, mmHg⋅s–1 | 1067 (209) | 528 (156) | <0.001 | 929 (159) | 1756 (377) | <0.001 |
| Arterial vascular mechanics | ||||||
| TPR, dyn⋅ < cps:it > cm < /cps:it > ⋅s–5 | 635 (216) | 737 (240) | 0.045 | 721 (215) | 628 (224) | <0.001 |
| Cart, ml⋅mmHg–1 | 4.69 (1.05) | 4.02 (1.05) | <0.001 | 4.46 (0.93) | 4.63 (0.99) | 0.005 |
| Ventriculo-arterial coupling and LV mechanical efficiency | ||||||
| Ees, mmHg⋅ml–1 | 0.36 (0.11) | 0.24 (0.07) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.07) | 0.48 (0.14) | <0.001 |
| Ea, mmHg⋅ml–1 | 0.63 (0.19) | 0.67 (0.18) | 0.248 | 0.67 (0.18) | 0.67 (0.19) | 0.764 |
| VAC (Ea/Ees) | 1.73 (0.44) | 2.78 (0.55) | <0.001 | 2.28 (0.69) | 1.50 (0.59) | <0.001 |
| SW, mmHg⋅ml | 7421 (1217) | 3443 (1623) | <0.001 | 6640 (1131) | 10199 (2120) | <0.001 |
| PE, mmHg⋅ml | 3514 (1201) | 3505 (793) | 0.975 | 3999 (1103) | 3609 (1348) | 0.039 |
| LVeff,% | 68.1 (9.1) | 48.2 (10.2) | <0.001 | 62.6 (7.6) | 73.6 (9.8) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as means (SD). * Paired t-test for before and after each experimental intervention. LV, left ventricle; CO, cardiac output; SV, stroke volume; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; EDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; ESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; Ped, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; Pes, left ventricular end-systolic pressure; PPV, pulse pressure variation; SVV, stroke volume variation; Eadyn, dynamic arterial elastance; dP/dtmax, peak rate of left ventricular pressure; TPR, total peripheral resistance; Cart, arterial compliance; Ees, end-systolic elastance; Ea, effective arterial elastance; VAC, ventriculo-arterial coupling ratio; SW, left ventricular stroke work; PE, left ventricular potential energy; LVeff, left ventricular mechanical efficiency.