Table 2.
Association between physical health status and the psychological impact as well as adverse mental health status during the first and second survey (n = 1738).
| The first survey (January 31 – February 2, 2020) (N = 1210) † |
The second survey (February 28 – March 1, 2020) (N = 861) † |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical symptoms and health status | Impact of event |
Stress |
Anxiety |
Depression |
Impact of event |
Stress |
Anxiety |
Depression |
||||||||
| B | t | B | t | B | t | B | T | B | t | B | t | B | t | B | t | |
| Persistent fever | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | −0.23 | −0.44 | 0.40 | 1.34 | 1.23 | 2.60* | 0.98 | 2.57* | 1.43 | 1.11 | 3.55 | 4.81*** | 3.24 | 2.75** | 3.44 | 3.56*** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Chills | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.46 | 2.34* | 0.44 | 3.84*** | 0.60 | 3.31** | 0.41 | 2.84** | 0.69 | 1.84 | 0.90 | 4.16*** | 0.83 | 2.42* | 0.87 | 3.08** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Headache | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.37 | 3.07** | 0.12 | 1.65 | 0.36 | 3.20** | 0.23 | 2.52* | 0.59 | 3.02** | 0.46 | 4.07*** | 0.76 | 4.26*** | 0.51 | 3.45** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Myalgia | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.63 | 4.77*** | 0.43 | 5.60*** | 0.69 | 5.61*** | 0.50 | 5.08*** | 0.50 | 2.83** | 0.42 | 4.13*** | 0.59 | 3.67*** | 0.58 | 4.42*** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Cough | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.33 | 3.23** | 0.19 | 3.11** | 0.29 | 2.97** | 0.21 | 2.69** | 0.48 | 1.95 | 0.61 | 4.25*** | 0.69 | 3.03** | 0.68 | 3.64*** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Breathing difficulty | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.88 | 1.58 | 0.57 | 1.74 | 1.63 | 3.15** | 1.28 | 3.08** | 0.77 | 1.46 | 1.06 | 3.47** | 1.08 | 2.23* | 1.45 | 3.66*** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Dizziness | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.54 | 3.95*** | 0.33 | 4.09*** | 0.63 | 4.97** | 0.42 | 4.13*** | 0.98 | 4.20*** | 0.80 | 6.00*** | 0.95 | 4.42*** | 0.66 | 3.72*** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Coryza | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.39 | 4.11*** | 0.25 | 4.46*** | 0.46 | 5.18*** | 0.33 | 4.70*** | 0.66 | 3.40** | 0.33 | 2.90** | 0.52 | 2.94** | 0.53 | 3.64*** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Sore throat | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.34 | 2.99** | 0.16 | 2.45* | 0.35 | 3.35** | 0.17 | 2.08* | 0.35 | 1.50 | 0.60 | 4.53*** | 0.80 | 3.77*** | 0.75 | 4.31*** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Persistent fever and cough or difficulty breathing | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | −0.23 | −0.36 | 0.32 | 0.87 | 0.98 | 1.68 | 0.22 | 0.48 | 1.43 | 1.11 | 3.55 | 4.81*** | 3.24 | 2.75** | 3.44 | 3.56*** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.72 | 1.48 | 1.27 | 4.54*** | 1.39 | 3.11** | 1.31 | 3.56*** | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||||
| Consultation with a doctor in the clinic in the past 14 days | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | −0.06 | −0.31 | 0.17 | 1.47 | 0.38 | 2.08* | 0.22 | 1.48 | 0.44 | 1.21 | 0.25 | 1.17 | 0.39 | 1.20 | 0.29 | 1.07 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Recent testing for COVID-19 in the past 14 days | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | −0.18 | −0.48 | −0.07 | −0.31 | 0.22 | 0.64 | 0.02 | 0.06 | −0.32 | −0.50 | −0.20 | −0.54 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.06 | −0.12 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Recent quarantine in the past 14 days | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.32 | 1.30 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.13 | −0.11 | −0.59 | 0.35 | 1.73 | 0.25 | 2.14* | 0.55 | 2.94** | 0.39 | 2.52* |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Current self-rating health status | ||||||||||||||||
| Very poor | 1.39 | 1.13 | 3.63 | 5.03*** | 3.35 | 2.94** | 3.56 | 3.88*** | −0.44 | −0.91 | 0.64 | 2.29* | 0.82 | 1.86 | 0.73 | 2.01* |
| Poor | 0.69 | 1.77 | 0.13 | 0.57 | 0.65 | 1.81 | 0.36 | 1.23 | 1.56 | 3.23** | 1.21 | 4.34*** | 1.68 | 3.81*** | 1.30 | 3.59*** |
| Average | 0.37 | 4.73*** | 0.19 | 4.28*** | 0.41 | 5.70*** | 0.26 | 4.63*** | 0.37 | 3.99*** | 0.23 | 4.21*** | 0.42 | 4.94*** | 0.39 | 5.64*** |
| Good/Very good | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Chronic illness | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.29 | 2.02* | 0.24 | 2.77** | 0.48 | 3.58*** | 0.38 | 3.51*** | 0.45 | 2.25* | 0.24 | 2.02* | 0.25 | 1.34 | 0.27 | 1.76 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Medical insurance coverage | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.09 | 0.67 | −0.003 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.32 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.13 | −0.17 | −1.89 | −0.34 | −2.43* | −0.21 | −1.79 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
†There were 333 respondents who participated in both the first and second surveys.
* p < 0·05, **p < 0·01, ***p < 0·001.