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. 2020 Apr 13;87:40–48. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028

Table 4.

Association of precautionary measures related to COVID-19 and the psychological impact as well as adverse mental health status during the first and second survey (n = 1738).

Precautionary measures The first survey (January 31– February 2, 2020) (N = 1210) †
The second survey (February 28 – March 1, 2020) (N = 861) †
Impact of event
 Stress
 Anxiety
 Depression
Impact of event
 Stress
 Anxiety
 Depression
B T B t B t B T B t B T B t B T
Covering mouth when coughing and sneezing
Always 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.19 −0.19 −1.15 −0.09 −0.64 0.08 0.39 −0.32 −2.65** −0.59 −3.11** −0.57 −3.64***
Most of the time 0.18 0.96 0.09 0.78 −0.09 −0.48 −0.04 −0.27 0.35 1.58 −0.35 −2.71** −0.56 −2.74** −0.46 −2.73**
Sometime 0.40 1.89 0.12 0.94 0.09 0.45 0.02 0.10 0.47 1.84 −0.22 −1.44 −0.55 −2.33* −0.40 −2.07*
Occasionally 0.18 0.79 −0.03 −0.22 −0.32 −1.55 −0.02 −0.10 0.81 3.03** 0.05 0.31 −0.15 −0.62 −0.27 −1.32
Never Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Avoidance of sharing utensils (e.g. chopsticks) during meals
Always −0.29 −2.83** −0.18 −2.99** −0.36 −3.68*** −0.31 −3.92*** −0.36 −2.48* −0.19 −2.29* −0.17 −1.28 −0.27 −2.42*
Most of the time 0.17 1.35 0.01 0.20 −0.03 −0.28 −0.07 −0.76 0.12 0.72 −0.18 −1.92 −0.06 −0.39 −0.18 −1.43
Sometime 0.23 1.78 −0.02 −0.19 −0.13 −1.07 −0.20 −1.99* 0.18 1.06 −0.16 −1.58 −0.06 −0.37 −0.23 −1.80
Occasionally 0.36 2.72** 0.03 0.38 −0.14 −1.11 −0.12 −1.26 0.27 1.45 0.03 0.24 0.24 1.40 0.02 0.14
Never Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Washing hands with soap and water
Always −0.42 −1.91 −0.34 −2.64** −0.54 −2.63** −0.39 −2.37* −0.01 −0.03 −0.51 −3.40** −0.75 −3.18** −0.81 −4.15***
Most of the time −0.12 −0.51 −0.29 −2.16* −0.40 −1.87 −0.27 −1.58 0.54 2.05* −0.42 −2.72** −0.53 −2.16* −0.67 −3.35**
Sometime 0.07 0.29 −0.22 −1.51 −0.23 −1.01 −0.25 −1.38 0.28 0.99 −0.54 −3.26** −0.56 −2.13* −0.80 −3.73***
Occasionally 0.13 0.53 −0.17 −1.14 −0.21 −0.92 −0.15 −0.80 0.64 1.99* −0.45 −2.37* −0.84 −2.83** −0.78 −3.18**
Never Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Washing hands immediaely after coughing, rubbing the nose, or sneezing
Always −0.47 −3.11** −0.31 −3.42** −0.63 −4.43*** −0.38 −3.32** −0.53 −2.85** −0.57 −5.21*** −0.67 −3.87*** −0.59 −4.11***
Most of the time 0.00 −0.02 −0.17 −1.78 −0.44 −2.87** −0.26 −2.11 0.03 0.17 −0.46 −4.00*** −0.48 −2.63** −0.47 −3.14**
Sometime 0.02 0.11 −0.12 −1.28 −0.41 −2.70** −0.18 −1.46 −0.04 −0.17 −0.47 −3.85*** −0.53 −2.77** −0.46 −2.90**
Occasionally 0.14 0.83 −0.08 −0.81 −0.29 −1.84 −0.04 −0.35 0.03 0.15 −0.56 −4.31*** −0.63 −3.09** −0.51 −3.03**
Never Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Wearing a face mask regarless of the presence or absence of symptoms
Always −0.19 −0.95 −0.21 −1.78 −0.43 −2.28* −0.37 −2.44* −0.43 −1.01 −0.80 −3.19** −0.96 −2.43* 1.05* −3.25**
Most of the time 0.12 0.55 −0.09 −0.73 −0.27 −1.38 −0.21 −1.34 −0.03 −0.07 −0.73 −2.87** −0.77 −1.90 0.85* −2.58*
Sometime 0.16 0.71 −0.08 −0.60 −0.25 −1.17 −0.25 −1.47 −0.09 −0.19 −0.73 −2.70** −0.80 −1.86 0.91* −2.58*
Occasionally 0.52 2.11* −0.04 −0.27 −0.14 −0.62 0.006 0.03 0.42 0.80 −0.72 −2.33* −0.67 −1.36 −0.93 −2.31*
Never Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Washing hands after touching contaminated objects
Always −0.11 −0.37 −0.21 −1.23 −0.52 −1.90 −0.53 −2.40* 0.02 0.04 −0.80 −3.20** −1.09 −2.76** −1.17 −3.61***
Most of the time 0.19 0.62 −0.15 −0.81 −0.37 −1.34 −0.41 −1.83 0.41 0.94 −0.75 −2.94** −0.87 −2.18* −0.99 −3.00**
Sometime 0.40 1.21 −0.01 −0.03 −0.03 −0.08 −0.27 −1.11 0.63 1.28 −0.65 −2.28* −0.71 −1.57 −0.95 −2.58*
Occasionally 0.31 0.86 −0.07 −0.34 −0.22 −0.67 0.24* −0.92 0.74 1.29 −0.50 −1.48 −0.51 −0.96 −0.67 −1.54
Never Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Feeling that too much unnecessary worry has been made about the COVID-19 epidemic
Always −0.47 −4.18*** −0.08 −1.18 0.12 1.14 0.12 1.44 −0.48 −3.64*** 0.09 1.15 0.07 0.60 0.09 0.91
Most of the time −0.19 −1.44 −0.05 −0.60 0.20 1.66 0.20 1.99* −0.02 −0.12 0.18 1.94 0.36 2.48* 0.29 2.46*
Sometime −0.03 −0.27 −0.01 −0.18 0.07 0.80 0.01 0.14 −0.03 −0.23 −0.06 −0.84 −0.02 −0.19 0.01 0.08
Occasionally 0.13 1.15 0.03 0.49 0.12 1.20 0.10 1.18 −0.08 −0.64 −0.05 −0.62 −0.01 −0.09 0.06 0.61
Never Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
The average number of hours staying at home per day to avoid COVID-19
[0–10] −0.15 −0.75 −0.16 −1.33 −0.15 0.43* −0.21 0.16* −0.41 −1.41 0.16 0.96 0.26 0.96 0.35 1.58
(10–20] 0.11 1.02 −0.03 −0.46 −0.06 0.58* −0.08 0.33* 0.22 1.45 0.10 1.13 0.17 1.18 0.01 0.12
(20–24] Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference

†There were 333 respondents who participated in both the first and second survey.

*p < 0·05; **p < 0·01; ***p < 0·001.