Table 2.
Changes in Primary Mental Health and Health-risk Behavioral Outcomes as a Function of Intervention Condition (Baseline to 3-month Follow-up)
| Control | Expressive Writing (EW) | Condition × Time EW vs. Control | Control | Self-Affirmation (SA) | Condition × Time SA vs. Control | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | M (SE) | M (SE) | Est. | 95% CI | p | d | M (SE) | M (SE) | Est. | 95% CI | p | d |
| Depression (CESD) | 0.48 | 0.21 | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 24.70 (2.36) | 25.24 (2.05) | - | - | - | 24.83 (3.02) | 28.91 (2.86) | - | - | - | ||
| 3-month follow-up | 24.06 (2.45) | 18.25 (2.04) | −6.34 | −11.03, −1.64 | 0.01** | 24.59 (3.29) | 25.00 (3.01) | −3.67 | −9.00, 1.66 | 0.17 | ||
| Distress (BSI) | 0.36 | 0.04 | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 2.31 (0.16) | 2.22 (0.14) | - | - | - | 2.20 (0.19) | 2.54 (0.18) | |||||
| 3-month follow-up | 2.21 (0.16) | 1.79 (0.14) | −0.33 | −0.62, −0.03 | 0.03** | 2.13 (0.20) | 2.43 (0.19) | −0.04 | −0.34, 0.26 | 0.79 | ||
| Anxiety (BAI)a | 0.29 | 0.10 | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 21.31 (2.54) | 20.09 (2.27) | - | - | - | 18.40 (3.51) | 23.92 (3.17) | - | - | - | ||
| 3-month follow-up | 18.60 (2.38) | 13.36 (2.00) | −4.03 | −8.55, 0.47 | 0.07+ | 15.93 (3.38) | 19.43 (3.04) | −2.02 | −5.77, 1.74 | 0.29 | ||
| Suicidality (SIDAS)b | −0.12 | 0.62 | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 12.23 (2.64) | 8.28 (2.29) | - | - | - | 12.90 (2.82) | 15.98 (2.30) | - | - | - | ||
| 3-month follow-up | 10.22 (3.06) | 7.54 (2.32) | 1.12 | −6.48, 8.77 | 0.73 | 10.43 (2.64) | 6.46 (2.29) | −7.05 | −14.47, 0.38 | 0.06+ | ||
| Alcohol abuse (AUDIT)c | 0.29 | 0.15 | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 4.48 (0.79) | 4.09 (0.71) | - | - | - | 7.81 (1.05) | 9.32 (1.03) | - | - | - | ||
| 3-month follow-up | 4.57 (0.85) | 2.91 (0.73) | −1.28 | −2.80, 0.24 | 0.10 | 7.89 (1.16) | 8.46 (1.11) | −0.94 | −2.54, 0.67 | 0.25 | ||
| Drug abuse (SIP-DU)d | −0.13 | 0.59 | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 2.41 (0.52) | 2.32 (0.60) | - | - | - | 2.00 (1.15) | 4.82 (0.92) | - | - | - | ||
| 3-month follow-up | 2.19 (0.89) | 2.28 (1.02) | 0.09 | −1.19, 1.57 | 0.76 | 1.61 (1.89) | 2.60 (1.39) | −2.24 | −4.57, 0.09 | 0.06+ | ||
| HIV-risk behaviore | 0.26 | −0.07 | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 7.79 (2.43) | 5.53 (1.38) | - | - | - | 4.87 (1.60) | 2.98 (0.82) | - | - | - | ||
| 3-month follow-up | 8.05 (2.63) | 3.76 (0.88) | −0.42 | 0.66, 0.38 | 0.125 | 4.88 (1.87) | 3.28 (1.43) | 0.09 | 0.34, 3.50 | 0.87 | ||
Note. Est.= model term coefficient; CI= confidence interval; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale; BSI = Brief Symptom Inventory; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; SIDAS = Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale; AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; SIP-DU = Shortened Inventory of Problems – Drug Use.
p < 0.10,
p < 0.01
All models include employment status as a covariate (see Table 1).
Anxiety analyses based on 107 participants providing BAI data at baseline (n = 1 missing).
Suicidality analyses based on 58 participants who endorsed suicidality at baseline.
Alcohol abuse analyses based on 102 participants who reported using alcohol at baseline.
Drug abuse analyses based on 23 participants who reported using drugs at baseline.
HIV risk analyses based on 39 participants who reported HIV transmission-risk behavior at baseline.