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. 2020 Mar 24;10(3):597. doi: 10.3390/nano10030597

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Images showing a variable number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of drug-resistant strain of E. coli after supplementation with Cu-MSNs along with its successive conjugates at a concentration of 100 μg/mL: (A) Control, (B) Cu-MSNs, (C) Cu-MSN-TET, and (D) PEI-SNP@Cu-MSN-TET. (E) ROS levels in both nonresistance and multidrug-resistance (MDR) E. coli strains treated with the PEI-SNP@Cu-MSN-TET sample at 200 μg/mL. ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001. Bacterial membrane permeability of (F) nonresistant and (G) resistant E. coli strains by flow cytometry measurements of propidium iodide (PI) stain in various treatments, (a) control, (b) Cu-MSN-TET, and (c) PEI-SNP@Cu-MSN-TET.