Table 2. Effect of time (start at hatch or start at 4 week-old until 40 week-old) and level (A: No supplementation, B and C: Supplementation at 0.5% and 1% of the total diet composition, respectively, starting at 4 week-old until 40 week-old and D: Supplementation at 1% of the total diet composition starting at hatch until 40 week-old) of GSE dietary supplementation on Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), Total Oxidant Status (TOS) and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) in hens plasma.

Results are presented as lsmeans ± SEM. P values of the effects of the stage when the supplementation is applied (TimeSuppl) and diet were considered as significant if P < 0.05. Different individual letters (a, b and c) in superscript indicate a significant effect of the diet.

Period		TAS (mmol/L)	TOS (mmol/L)	Oxidative stress index
0 to 4	A	0.69 ± 0.06	0.16 ± 0.01 a	0.27 ± 0.05
Starting	B	0.82 ± 0.07	0.25 ± 0.02 b	0.33 ± 0.04
	C	0.95 ± 0.1	0.25 ± 0.01 b	0.32 ± 0.04
	D	0.82 ± 0.07	0.04 ± 0.004	0.05 ± 0.009
P	TimeSuppl	0.22	<0.0001	<0.0001
P	Diet ABCD	0.14	-	-
P	Diet ABC	-	0.0004	0.57
P	Diet AD	-	<0.0001	0.0006
5 to 17	A	0.85 ± 0.06	0.25 ± 0.01 a	0.35 ± 0.03 a
Growth	B	0.87 ± 0.06	0.16 ± 0.02 b	0.22 ± 0.03 b
	C	0.64 ± 0.04	0.16 ± 0.02 b	0.27 ± 0.05 a, b
	D	0.63 ± 0.04	0.07 ± 0.008	0.13 ± 0.01
P	TimeSuppl	0.04	<0.0001	<0.0001
P	Diet ABCD	-	-	-
P	Diet ABC	0.18	<0.0001	0.03
P	Diet AD	0.01	<0.0001	<0.0001
18 to 23	A	0.9 ± 0.09	0.23 ± 0.01	0.27 ± 0.02 a
Before laying	B	0.77 ± 0.06	0.06 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.008 b
	C	0.84 ± 0.08	0.17 ± 0.09	0.21 ± 0.12 b
	D	0.88 ± 0.05	0.07 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.007
P	TimeSuppl	0.38	0.02	<0.0001
P	Diet ABCD	0.61	-	-
P	Diet ABC	-	0.06	<0.0001
P	Diet AD	-	<0.0001	<0.0001
24 to 40	A	0.87 ± 0.03 a	0.26 ± 0.01 a	0.31 ± 0.01 a
Laying	B	0.77 ± 0.02 b	0.11 ± 0.01 b	0.15 ± 0.02 b
	C	0.76 ± 0.02 b	0.09 ± 0.01 b	0.13 ± 0.01 b
	D	0.73 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.004	0.12 ± 0.007
P	TimeSuppl	0.005	<0.0001	<0.0001
P	Diet ABCD	-	-	-
P	Diet ABC	0.001	<0.0001	<0.0001
P	Diet AD	0.08	<0.0001	<0.0001