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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2020 Feb 8;184:109243. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109243

Table 2.

Pesticides that were analyzed in this study and their chemical properties.

Pesticide type Application method on bananaa Substance group Active ingredient Mol. weightb LogKOWb LogKOAc Solubility (mg/L)b Henry’s Constant (Pa.m3/mol)d Vapor pressure (25°) (mPa)d Volatilityd
Insecticides Treated bag Organophosphate Chlorpyrifos 350.58 4.96 8.40 0.39 0.478 1.43 Moderate volatile
Thiadiazine Buprofezine 305.44 4.93 8.97 0.90 2.8 x 10−02 0.04 Non-volatile
Not reported Organophosphate to be used on banana Diazinonf 304.34 3.69 8.89 60 6.09 x 10−02 11.97 Non-volatile
Nematicides Manual Carbamate Carbofuran 221.25 2.32 8.11 351 5.0 x 10−05 0.08 Non-volatile
dispenser Organophosphate Cadusafos 270.38 3.90 8.18 245 0.13 119.60 Moderatelyvolatile
Ethoprophosg 242.33 3.59 8.77 750 1.35 x 10−02 78.00 Non-volatile
Fenamiphos 303.35 3.23 9.72 329 9.90 x 10−05 0.12 Non-volatile
Terbufosh 288.41 2.77 7.49 5.07 2.70 34.60 Moderately volatile
Fungicides Aerial spraying Anilinopyrimidine Pyrimethanil 199.25 2.84 8.67 121 3.60 x 10−03 1.10 Non-volatile
Chloronitrile Chlorothalonili 265.90 2.94 8.11 0.81 2.50 x 10−02 0.07 Non-volatile
Morpholine Fenpropimorphj 303.49 4.50j 8.93 4.32 2.74 x 10−04 3.90 Non-volatile
Spiroxamine 297.48 2.89 10.87 405 3.80 x 10−03 3.50 Non-volatile
Strobilurin Azoxystrobin 403.39 2.50 14.03 6.00 7.40 x 10−09 1.10 x 10−07 Non-volatile
Triazole Bitertanol 337.42 4.10 12.17 3.80 2.60 x 10−07 1.36 x 10−06 Non-volatile
Difenoconazole 406.26 4.40 11.93 15.0 9.00 x 10−07 3.33 x 10−05 Non-volatile
Epoxiconazole 329.75 3.30 9.11 7.1 4.71 x 10−04 1.00 x 10−02 Non-volatile
Propiconazole 342.22 3.72 9.24 100 9.20 x 10−05 0.05 Non-volatile
Tebuconazole 307.82 3.70 10.19 36 1.00 x 10−05 1.30 x 10−03 Non-volatile
a

Reported to be used on banana by Bravo et al. (2013), the following pesticides were also reported but were not analyzed: bifenthrin, mancozeb, tridemorph, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, diquat, paraquat, glufosinate, glyphosate.

b

Data on chemical properties are from PubChem https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, solubility in water at 20 °C, pH 7 (mg/L).

c

Log KOA (octanol air partition coefficient) is calculated from the log KOW (octanol water partition coefficient) using the ideal gas constant and Henry’s Constant value (Meylan and Howard, 2005).

d

Data on chemical properties are from IUPAC Pesticides Properties Database (PPDB) https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/; According to Gibbs et al. (2017), Henry’s Constant values > 10−8 and logKOA values 7–13 indicate that the compound is ideal for passive sampling with PUF; volatility interpretation according to Henry’s Constant.

e

Reported to be used together with bifenthrin in bags to protect banana fruit (Ruepert, personal communication).

f

Not reported to be used on banana.

g

Also reported to be used on pine-apple.

h

The metabolite terbufos sulfone was also analyzed.

i

Was not quantified for Passive Air Sampling (PAS).