Table 3.
Description of pesticide concentrations measured in PUF from passive air sampling (PAS) for proximal (n = 40, schools = 10) and non-proximal schools (n = 8, schools = 2) during four periods of, on average, 6.7 weeks (SD = 1.9, range: 3.9–12.1), from June 2010 to October 2011, ISA study, Matina County, Costa Rica.
| Pesticides | LOD (ng/m3) | Overall % > LOD | Overall ICC | Proximal schools (ng/m3) (n = 40, schools = 10) | Non-proximal schools (ng/m3) (n = 8, schools = 2) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| % > LOD | Mean (SD) | Min | p10 | p25 | p50 | p75 | p90 | Max | % > LOD | Mean (SD) | Min | p10 | p25 | p50 | p75 | p90 | max | ||||
| Insecticides | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chlorpyrifosa | 0.5 | 98% | 0.80 | 100% | 18.2 (6.3) | 6.1 | 10.7 | 13.4 | 18.4 | 22.0 | 25.9 | 36.1 | 88% | 3.5 (3.8) | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 5.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 |
| Diazinon | 0.3 | 31% | 28% | 0.6 (1.0) | < 0.3 | < 0.3 | < 0.3 | < 0.3 | 0.7 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 50% | 1.2 (1.3) | < 0.3 | < 0.3 | < 0.3 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 3.8 | 3.8 | |
| Nematicides | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Etoprophos | 0.5 | 81% | 0.00 | 85% | 5.5 (10.9) | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 4.8 | 18.7 | 60.9 | 63% | 2.2 (3.0) | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 8.2 | 8.2 |
| Terbufos | 3.0 | 17% | 20% | 6.2 (13.7) | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | 16.0 | 61.7 | 0% | |||||||||
| Terbufos sulfone | 0.5 | 56% | 60% | 6.3 (8.0) | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 2.6 | 10.7 | 21.3 | 28.7 | 38% | 1.2 (1.9) | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 1.5 | 6.1 | 6.1 | |
| Fungicides | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Pyrimethanilb | 0.5 | 81% | 0.80 | 90% | 5.4 (6.9) | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 8.3 | 19.1 | 22.2 | 38% | 0.4 (0.2) | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Chlorothalonilc | —c | 48% | 48% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Fenpropimorphd | 1.5 | 31% | 38% | 2.3 (3.5) | < 1.5 | < 1.5 | < 1.5 | < 1.5 | 2.2 | 5.1 | 21.0 | 0% | |||||||||
| Spiroxamine | 3.0 | 10% | 13% | 5.5 (12.1) | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | 21.4 | 61.9 | 0% | |||||||||
| Difenoconazole | 1.0 | 6% | 8% | 1.3 (3.4) | < 1.0 | < 1.0 | < 1.0 | < 1.0 | < 1.0 | 0.5 | 21.3 | 0% | |||||||||
| Epoxiconazole | 1.0 | 27% | 33% | 3.1 (4.5) | 2.5 | < 1.0 | < 1.0 | < 1.0 | 4.3 | 10.6 | 15.9 | 0% | |||||||||
Concentrations of proximal schools were higher and more frequently detected than non-proximal schools: Student’s t-test p<0.0001, Pearson Chi-Square p <0.05.
Concentrations of proximal schools higher and more frequently detected than non-proximal schools: Wilcoxon/Kruskal Wallis p<0.0001, Pearson Chi-Square p<0.001.
Chlorothalonil concentrations could not be quantified because it was degraded partially by acetone hexane used to extract the sample.
Concentrations of proximal schools more frequently detected than non-proximal schools: Pearson Chi-Square p<0.05.