Table 5.
Description of pesticide concentrations detected in passive and active air samples in three proximal schools (Zent, Santa María, Los Almendros) on four occasions (n = 12), and one non-proximal school (San Juan) on three occasions (n = 3), from June 2010 to October 2011, ISA study, Matina County, Costa.
| Passive air samples PUF (ng/m3) Mean (SD) sampling time = 7.1 (2.2) weeks |
Active air samples PUF-XAD (ng/m3) Mean (SD) sampling time = 24.6 (0.5) hours |
Spearman’s r for PUF and XAD-PUFa | Active air samples glass-fiber filter (ng/m3) Mean (SD) sampling time = 24.6 (0.5) hours |
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| LOD (ng/m3) |
% > LOD | p50 | p75 | max | LOD (ng/m3) |
% > LOD | p50 | p75 | max | LOD (ng/m3) |
% > LOD | p50 | p75 | max | ||
| Insecticides | ||||||||||||||||
| Chlorpyrifosb | 0.5 | 100% | 15.4 | 12.0 | 22.3 | 0.3 | 100% | 5.0 | 10.3 | 16.0 | 0.69 | 0.02 | 0% | |||
| Buprofezin | 0.2 | 0% | 0.1 | 7% | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 7% | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.29 | ||||
| Diazinon | 0.3 | 53% | 0.7 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 27% | < 0.1 | 0.7 | 6.4 | 0.01 | 13% | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.04 | |
| Nematicides | ||||||||||||||||
| Carbofuran | N.A. | 1 | 0% | 0.01 | 7% | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.26 | ||||||||
| Cadusafosc | N.A. | 0.3 | 73% | 2.1 | 16.7 | 100.9 | 0.01 | 53% | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.57 | |||||
| Ethoprophos | 0.5 | 93% | 2.2 | 4.5 | 23.2 | 0.4 | 73% | 1.2 | 4.0 | 57.4 | 0.61 | 0.01 | 33% | < 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.35 |
| Terbufosd | 3.0 | 7% | < 0.3 | < 0.3 | 61.2 | 0.1 | 80% | 1.7 | 5.7 | 242.9 | 0.01 | 13% | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.06 | |
| Terbufos sulfone | 0.5 | 60% | 1.6 | 6.3 | 25.2 | 0.2 | 20% | < 0.2 | < 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.02 | 33% | < 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.24 | |
| Fungicides | ||||||||||||||||
| Pyrimethanile | 0.5 | 93% | 4.9 | 19.3 | 22.2 | 0.1 | 73% | 1.0 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 0.47 | 0.01 | 7% | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Chlorothalonilf | - | 33% | 0.1 | 60% | 0.9 | 5.0 | 43.2 | 0.01 | 27% | < 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.17 | ||||
| Fenpropimorph | 1.5 | 40% | < 1.5 | 2.1 | 21.0 | N.A. | N.A. | |||||||||
| Spiroxamine | 3.0 | 27% | < 3.0 | 22.0 | 61.9 | 0.1 | 20%e | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.01 | 80% | 0.09 | 0.30 | 0.57 | |
| Difenoconazole | 1.0 | 7% | < 1.0 | < 1.0 | 4.4 | 1 | 0% | 0.05 | 47% | < 0.05 | 0.44 | 6.92 | ||||
| Epoxiconazole | 1.0 | 20% | < 1.0 | < 1.0 | 9.3 | 0.5 | 0% | 0.05 | 20% | < 0.05 | < 0.05 | 0.12 | ||||
Abbreviations: LOD = Limit of detection; N.A. not analyzed.
Only presented for concentrations that were detected in more than 50% of samples of both PUF and XAD-PUF.
Chlorpyrifos concentrations were higher in samples from proximal schools as compared to non-proximal schools: 1) PUF median = 17.2 and 4.9 ng/m3, respectively, p< 0.01; 2) PUF-XAD median = 5.3 and 0.8 ng/m3, p = 0.01.
Spearman’s r for concentrations from XAD-PUF and glass-fiber filter were r = 0.64, p<0.001.
Terbufos concentrations tended to be higher in samples from proximal schools as compared to non-proximal schools: XAD-PUF median = 2.3 and 0.3 ng/m3, respectively, p = 0.07.
Pyrimethanil concentrations were higher in samples from proximal schools as compared to non-proximal schools: 1) PUF median = 12.7 and 0.5 ng/m3, respectively, p<0.01; 2) PUF-XAD median = 1.3 and 0.1 ng/m3, p = 0.02
Chlorothalonil concentrations could not be quantified in PUF due to a partial degradation by acetone-hexane used to extract the sample.