Table 3. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of type 2 diabetes in a cohort of 6,018 women according to tertiles of total or specific Okinawan vegetables, total vegetables, total fruits, or total vegetables and fruits combined.
| Women | T1 | T2 | T3 | P for trend | ||
| Reference | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
| lower–upper | lower–upper | |||||
| Total Okinawan vegetables | ||||||
| Median intake, g/day | 20.0 | 49.7 | 123.1 | |||
| Number of cases/participants | 34/2,006 | 25/2,006 | 34/2,006 | |||
| Age- and area-adjusteda | 1.0 | 0.73 | (0.43–1.23) | 0.98 | (0.60–1.58) | 0.93 |
| Multivariate-adjustedb | 1.0 | 0.78 | (0.46–1.33) | 0.96 | (0.57–1.62) | 0.89 |
| Pak choi | ||||||
| Median intake, g/day | 0.2 | 3.4 | 18.2 | |||
| Number of cases/participants | 39/2,006 | 23/2,006 | 31/2,006 | |||
| Age- and area-adjusteda | 1.0 | 0.62 | (0.36–1.04) | 0.83 | (0.51–1.36) | 0.42 |
| Multivariate-adjustedb | 1.0 | 0.65 | (0.38–1.11) | 0.88 | (0.53–1.46) | 0.53 |
| Leaf mustard | ||||||
| Median intake, g/day | 0.2 | 3.0 | 16.4 | |||
| Number of cases/participants | 30/2,006 | 30/2,006 | 33/2,006 | |||
| Age- and area-adjusteda | 1.0 | 1.06 | (0.63–1.79) | 1.19 | (0.70–2.01) | 0.51 |
| Multivariate-adjustedb | 1.0 | 1.04 | (0.61–1.77) | 1.31 | (0.76–2.26) | 0.34 |
| Bitter gourd | ||||||
| Median intake, g/day | 5.2 | 17.5 | 49.8 | |||
| Number of cases/participants | 36/2,006 | 27/2,006 | 30/2,006 | |||
| Age- and area-adjusteda | 1.0 | 0.74 | (0.44–1.21) | 0.80 | (0.49–1.32) | 0.38 |
| Multivariate-adjustedb | 1.0 | 0.75 | (0.45–1.26) | 0.81 | (0.48–1.36) | 0.40 |
| Swiss chard | ||||||
| Median intake, g/day | 0.0 | 10.7 | ||||
| Number of cases/participants | 48/3,433 | 45/2,585 | ||||
| Age- and area-adjusteda | 1.0 | 1.23 | (0.82–1.86) | 0.32 | ||
| Multivariate-adjustedb | 1.0 | 1.29 | (0.85–1.97) | 0.25 | ||
| Loofah | ||||||
| Median intake, g/day | 1.6 | 7.2 | 30.8 | |||
| Number of cases/participants | 26/2,006 | 37/2,006 | 30/2,006 | |||
| Age- and area-adjusteda | 1.0 | 1.44 | (0.87–2.40) | 1.15 | (0.67–1.97) | 0.62 |
| Multivariate-adjustedb | 1.0 | 1.36 | (0.81–2.28) | 1.14 | (0.65–1.98) | 0.68 |
| Mugwort | ||||||
| Median intake, g/day | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 | |||
| Number of cases/participants | 30/2,006 | 26/2,006 | 37/2,006 | |||
| Age- and area-adjusteda | 1.0 | 0.86 | (0.51–1.46) | 1.19 | (0.73–1.94) | 0.46 |
| Multivariate-adjustedb | 1.0 | 0.88 | (0.52–1.51) | 1.10 | (0.66–1.82) | 0.75 |
| Papaya | ||||||
| Median intake, g/day | 1.1 | 3.6 | 17.4 | |||
| Number of cases/participants | 29/2,006 | 31/2,006 | 33/2,006 | |||
| Age- and area-adjusteda | 1.0 | 1.06 | (0.64–1.77) | 1.11 | (0.67–1.85) | 0.68 |
| Multivariate-adjustedb | 1.0 | 1.08 | (0.65–1.82) | 1.24 | (0.73–2.08) | 0.48 |
aAdjusted for age (years) and study area (two areas).
bAdjusted for age (years) and study area (two areas), bmi (kg/m2; <21, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, or ≧27), cigarette smoking status, alcohol consumption (g ethanol/wk; <150, 150–299, 300–449, or ≧450), METs (tertile), history of hypertension, family history of diabetes, energy intake, coffee consumption, intakes of meat (g/d), rice (g/d), vegetables (g/d, except for Okinawan vegetables), fruits (g/d, except for papaya).