Table 5. Associations between MS and risk factors among age groups during 6-year follow-up.
| Lifestylesa | Women | Men | ||||||||||
| 20–29 years | 30–39 years | 40–49 years | 20–29 years | 30–39 years | 40–49 years | |||||||
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| Univariate analysisb | ||||||||||||
| Smoking condition | ||||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Current smoker | 3.67 | 1.59–8.49 | 2.05 | 1.42–2.98 | 1.74 | 1.36–2.23 | 1.10 | 0.93–1.29 | 1.33 | 1.22–1.45 | 1.31 | 1.21–1.42 |
| Ex-smoker | 1.50 | 0.34–6.61 | 0.72 | 0.39–1.32 | 1.44 | 1.07–1.93 | 0.82 | 0.62–1.10 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.14 | 1.19 | 1.08–1.30 |
| Alcohol intake | ||||||||||||
| No drinking | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Less than 20 g per day | 0.75 | 0.25–2.29 | 0.61 | 0.38–0.99 | 0.95 | 0.72–1.25 | 0.66 | 0.51–0.84 | 0.77 | 0.68–0.87 | 0.84 | 0.76–0.93 |
| 20–60 g per day | 1.24 | 0.43–3.64 | 1.12 | 0.74–1.70 | 1.35 | 1.04–1.77 | 0.94 | 0.76–1.17 | 1.05 | 0.95–1.17 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.18 |
| More than 60 g per day | 2.41 | 0.47–12.45 | 2.40 | 1.16–4.98 | 1.91 | 1.07–3.40 | 1.12 | 0.81–1.55 | 1.31 | 1.13–1.53 | 1.34 | 1.17–1.53 |
| 30 minutes of exercise a week at least twice per week, No |
0.99 | 0.23–4.20 | 1.59 | 0.88–2.87 | 1.32 | 0.95–1.84 | 1.30 | 1.05–1.61 | 1.16 | 1.06–1.28 | 1.20 | 1.11–1.30 |
| Physical activity over hour per day, No | 0.93 | 0.42–2.06 | 1.19 | 0.81–1.75 | 1.38 | 1.09–1.74 | 1.23 | 1.05–1.44 | 1.15 | 1.06–0.24 | 1.19 | 1.11–1.27 |
| Eating speed | ||||||||||||
| Slow | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| General | 5.60 | 0.79–45.42 | 1.62 | 0.87–2.98 | 1.31 | 0.87–1.96 | 1.68 | 1.22–2.33 | 1.52 | 1.29–1.80 | 1.44 | 1.25–1.66 |
| Fast | 7.31 | 0.92–57.68 | 2.43 | 1.29–4.57 | 2.09 | 1.38–3.16 | 2.53 | 1.83–3.48 | 2.31 | 1.95–2.73 | 2.06 | 0.79–2.38 |
| Eating dinner less than 2 hours before sleeping more than 3 times per week | 0.84 | 0.36–1.95 | 1.09 | 0.76–1.57 | 1.76 | 1.42–2.18 | 0.92 | 0.79–1.08 | 1.15 | 1.06–1.23 | 1.08 | 1.02–1.15 |
| Eating snacks after dinner more than 3 times per week |
0.77 | 0.26–2.24 | 1.26 | 0.82–1.92 | 1.07 | 0.81–1.41 | 0.95 | 0.78–1.16 | 1.01 | 0.91–1.11 | 1.19 | 1.08–1.29 |
| Skipping breakfast more than 3 times per week |
0.64 | 0.27–1.61 | 1.43 | 1.00–2.05 | 1.69 | 1.34–2.13 | 1.22 | 1.04–1.43 | 1.09 | 1.01–1.18 | 1.06 | 0.99–1.14 |
| Sleeping well, No | 0.78 | 0.35–1.72 | 1.26 | 0.89–1.78 | 1.55 | 1.24–1.93 | 1.06 | 0.91–1.25 | 1.10 | 1.02–1.19 | 1.08 | 1.02–1.15 |
| Multivariable analysisc | ||||||||||||
| Smoking condition | ||||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Current smoker | 3.54 | 1.47–8.53 | 1.70 | 1.15–2.51 | 1.47 | 1.13–1.90 | 0.99 | 0.83–1.18 | 1.24 | 1.13–1.35 | 1.23 | 1.13–1.33 |
| Ex-smoker | 1.25 | 0.28–5.65 | 0.66 | 0.35–1.21 | 1.30 | 0.96–1.76 | 0.76 | 0.57–1.02 | 0.96 | 0.86–1.07 | 1.12 | 1.02–1.23 |
| Alcohol intake | ||||||||||||
| No drinking | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Less than 20 g per day | 0.74 | 0.24–2.28 | 0.63 | 0.39–1.01 | 0.90 | 0.68–1.20 | 0.67 | 0.52–0.86 | 0.78 | 0.69–0.87 | 0.85 | 0.77–0.95 |
| 20–60 g per day | 1.10 | 0.37–3.29 | 1.09 | 0.71–1.67 | 1.13 | 0.86–1.49 | 0.91 | 0.72–1.13 | 1.01 | 0.91–1.12 | 1.08 | 0.98–1.18 |
| More than 60 g per day | 1.80 | 0.33–9.69 | 1.92 | 0.91–4.04 | 1.30 | 0.72–2.35 | 1.07 | 0.77–1.49 | 1.22 | 1.05–1.43 | 1.30 | 1.14–1.48 |
| 30 minutes of exercise a week at least twice per week, No |
1.12 | 0.25–4.95 | 1.44 | 0.79–1.64 | 1.20 | 0.86–1.69 | 1.24 | 0.99–1.55 | 1.10 | 0.99–1.22 | 1.16 | 1.07–1.27 |
| Physical activity over hour per day, No | 0.96 | 0.42–2.19 | 1.11 | 0.75–1.64 | 1.33 | 1.05–1.69 | 1.20 | 1.02–1.41 | 1.13 | 1.04–1.22 | 1.16 | 1.08–1.24 |
| Eating speed | ||||||||||||
| Slow | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| General | 5.21 | 0.69–39.52 | 1.57 | 0.85–2.90 | 1.35 | 0.90–2.03 | 1.70 | 1.23–2.34 | 1.48 | 1.25–1.75 | 1.45 | 1.26–1.67 |
| Fast | 6.29 | 0.79–50.01 | 2.33 | 1.23–4.39 | 2.04 | 1.35–3.09 | 2.52 | 1.82–3.47 | 2.23 | 1.88–2.64 | 2.07 | 1.79–2.38 |
| Eating dinner less than 2 hours before sleeping more than 3 times per week |
0.92 | 0.38–2.20 | 0.93 | 0.76–1.57 | 1.47 | 1.17–1.85 | 0.87 | 0.74–1.03 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.16 | 1.02 | 0.85–1.09 |
| Eating snacks after dinner more than 3 times per week |
0.88 | 0.30–2.59 | 1.21 | 0.78–1.86 | 0.96 | 0.72–1.28 | 0.96 | 0.78–1.17 | 1.00 | 0.91–1.11 | 1.18 | 1.08–1.28 |
| Skipping breakfast more than 3 times per week |
0.50 | 0.19–1.30 | 1.21 | 0.83–1.77 | 1.38 | 1.08–1.75 | 1.17 | 0.99–1.37 | 0.99 | 0.92–1.07 | 0.97 | 0.90–1.04 |
| Sleeping well, No | 0.81 | 0.37–1.82 | 1.14 | 0.80–1.62 | 1.36 | 1.09–1.70 | 1.05 | 0.90–1.24 | 1.06 | 0.98–1.14 | 1.06 | 0.99–1.12 |
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MS, metabolic syndrome.
aMissing values were excluded in smoking (n = 3), alcohol intake (n = 40), exercise (n = 6), physical activity (n = 9), eating speed (n = 6), eating dinner less than 2 hours (n = 7), eating snacks (n = 4), skipping breakfast (n = 5), and sleeping (n = 6) in women, and smoking (n = 1), alcohol intake (n = 72), exercise (n = 8), physical activity (n = 9), eating speed (n = 4), eating dinner less than 2 hours (n = 8), eating snacks (n = 9), skipping breakfast (n = 13), and sleeping (n = 6) in men.
bUsing a Cox proportional hazard model for each lifestyle.
cUsing a Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age and all of lifestyles.