Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to BMI levels and metabolic health status.
| Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight | Obesity | P valuea | |||||
| (BMI <18.5) | (BMI 18.5–24.9) | (BMI 25.0–29.9) | (BMI ≥30.0) | ||||||
| Healthy | Unhealthy | Healthy | Unhealthy | Healthy | Unhealthy | Healthy | Unhealthy | ||
| (n = 664) | (n = 54) | (n = 8,465) | (n = 2,461) | (n = 2,082) | (n = 1,888) | (n = 282) | (n = 490) | ||
| Age, years | 37.5 (13.0) | 47.8 (14.0) | 41.2 (12.7) | 51.5 (10.3) | 42.5 (11.5) | 49.5 (10.2) | 37.7 (10.8) | 43.5 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| Lifestyles | |||||||||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Never | 39.9 | 18.5 | 44.5 | 38.1 | 46.3 | 38.7 | 42.2 | 45.7 | |
| Past | 10.8 | 18.5 | 16.6 | 18.2 | 17.1 | 19.7 | 19.5 | 15.9 | |
| <20 cigarettes/day | 38.4 | 38.9 | 29.8 | 29.5 | 26.6 | 27.0 | 26.6 | 26.3 | |
| ≥20 cigarettes/day | 10.8 | 24.1 | 9.1 | 14.2 | 10.0 | 14.6 | 11.7 | 12.0 | |
| Alcohol (ethanol) intake: frequency | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Never | 25.9 | 31.5 | 16.3 | 15.3 | 16.4 | 17.2 | 22.3 | 26.7 | |
| ≤4 days/week | 37.5 | 22.2 | 34.9 | 21.9 | 39.2 | 27.9 | 47.9 | 37.3 | |
| 5–6 days/week | 15.4 | 11.1 | 24.9 | 29.0 | 24.6 | 28.9 | 17.0 | 22.7 | |
| Every day | 21.2 | 35.2 | 23.8 | 33.8 | 19.8 | 26.1 | 12.8 | 13.3 | |
| Alcohol (ethanol) intake: amount | <0.001 | ||||||||
| None or ≤20 g/day | 66.9 | 51.8 | 53.9 | 43.2 | 49.0 | 45.4 | 55.3 | 51.2 | |
| 21–40 g/day | 22.3 | 20.4 | 31.7 | 35.5 | 33.0 | 32.8 | 28.0 | 27.6 | |
| ≥41 g/day | 10.8 | 27.8 | 14.4 | 21.3 | 18.0 | 21.8 | 16.7 | 21.2 | |
| Exercise habits | <0.001 | ||||||||
| <1 day/week | 61.7 | 63.0 | 49 | 47.8 | 46.3 | 47.7 | 46.1 | 50.8 | |
| Daily sleeping hours | <0.001 | ||||||||
| <6 hours/day | 39.8 | 40.7 | 39.6 | 35.5 | 42.6 | 42.5 | 40.8 | 49.6 | |
| Metabolic factors | |||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 17.8 (0.7) | 17.8 (0.6) | 22.0 (1.6) | 22.8 (1.5) | 26.5 (1.2) | 26.8 (1.3) | 32.3 (2.7) | 32.6 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 115 (13) | 130 (14) | 120 (13) | 133 (14) | 124 (12) | 134 (13) | 127 (12) | 137 (14) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 69 (10) | 78 (11) | 73 (10) | 82 (10) | 77 (10) | 84 (10) | 78 (10) | 85 (11) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 73 (61) | 151 (145) | 92 (53) | 186 (141) | 114 (74) | 203 (145) | 118 (53) | 198 (116) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 68 (16) | 62 (14) | 63 (15) | 57 (15) | 56 (11) | 51 (12) | 52 (9) | 49 (11) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 99 (28) | 105 (42) | 115 (29) | 125 (32) | 127 (30) | 130 (32) | 128 (31) | 133 (33) | |
| Non HDL-C, mg/dL | 113 (30) | 129 (44) | 132 (33) | 156 (35) | 147 (33) | 163 (35) | 148 (35) | 164 (36) | <0.001 |
| Blood sugar, mg/dL | 90 (12) | 111 (47) | 91 (12) | 108 (30) | 93 (12) | 109 (29) | 93 (13) | 114 (41) | <0.001 |
| Treated hypertension | 1.8 | 14.8 | 4.3 | 24.4 | 7.3 | 29.4 | 4.6 | 31.2 | <0.001 |
| Treated dyslipidemia | 0 | 7.4 | 0.5 | 12.9 | 0.8 | 14.3 | 0.7 | 13.9 | <0.001 |
| Treated diabetes | 0.6 | 7.4 | 0.8 | 9.4 | 1.1 | 11.9 | 1.1 | 16.3 | <0.001 |
| Others | |||||||||
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.1) | 6.0 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.2) | 6.3 (1.3) | 6.5 (1.2) | 6.5 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.73 (0.11) | 0.68 (0.12) | 0.77 (0.11) | 0.77 (0.13) | 0.79 (0.11) | 0.79 (0.14) | 0.79 (0.12) | 0.79 (0.15) | <0.001 |
| Urinary protein (dipstick test) | <0.001 | ||||||||
| <1+ | 97.7 | 98.1 | 99.2 | 97.2 | 98.5 | 95.6 | 98.2 | 91.8 | |
| 1+ | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 5.3 | |
| ≥2+ | 0.6 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0 | 2.9 | |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Values are expressed as mean (SD) or percentage (%).
aP values for differences among 8 phenotypes were adjusted for age, smoking status, frequency and amount of alcohol intake, exercise habits, daily sleeping hours, and treatment of hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes.