Figure 5.

Differential effect of raw water in chicken acute inflammation against fungi and bacterial challenges. After intra-abdominal challenge, following acute exposure to raw water, promotes differential effect on inflammatory process. In a fungi model, we observed marked heterophil infiltration a few hours after in vivo challenge, likely driven by a more prominent resident macrophage pool along with an upregulated IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression. At 12 h post challenge, NO levels and iNOS gene expression were downregulated. Acute inflammatory process is largely complete by 48 h post challenge, allowing a return to homeostasis. In a bacterial model, we also observed marked heterophil infiltration which paralleled up-regulation of IL-8 gene expression. No down-regulation effect was observed in the cellular and molecular levels of NO at 12 h post-challenge. However, 48 h post challenge, heterophil proportions remained higher, while monocyte/macrophage pool remained lower, consistent with a longer acute pro-inflammatory response.