Table 2.

Important endemic arbovirus infections in ruminant livestock in East Asia.

Disease	Etiological virus	Clinical signs (affected ruminant species)
Akabane disease	AKAV	Abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, congenital malformations (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat) Neurological disorders caused by encephalomyelitis (postnatally infected cattle)
Aino virus infection	AINOV	Abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, congenital malformations (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat)
Chuzan disease	CHUV	Congenital malformaitons (cattle)
Bovine ephemeral fever	BEFV	Sudden fever, anorexia, depression, tachypnea, lacrimation, foamy salivation, arthritis, limping, ananastasia (cattle, buffalo)
Ibaraki disease	EHDV-2 (Ibaraki strain)	Fever, anorexia, lachrymation, salivation, nasal discharge, conjunctival injection, swallowing difficulty (cattle)
Bluetongue	BTV	Fever, nasal discharge, tachpypnea, lethargy, hemorrhages (cattle, sheep, goat) Congenital malformations (cattle)