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. 2020 Apr 7;11:602. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00602

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Copyright © 2020 Anderson, Do, Toh, Hoe, Reitsma, Mulholland and Licciardi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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VitD₃ decreases pneumococcal Th17 responses. 1 × 10⁶ PBMCs/mL were pre-treated with 100 nmol/L VitD₃ for 24 h, prior to stimulation with 1 μg/mL WCA for 5 days. Th17 frequency (A) was measured by flow cytometry. Th17 populations were determined by positive staining for cell surface markers obtained from live single lymphocytes. These were considered CD4+CD45+CD161+CD194+CD196+. IL-17A (B), IL-22 (C), IL-10 (D), IL-17A-IL-10 ratio (E), IL-22-IL-10 ratio and (F), concentrations were measured by an ELISA in pg/mL. Open circles represent untreated PBMCs, whilst closed circles represent VitD₃ treated PBMCs. Data shown represents median ± IQR; n = 12 per group for cytokine analyses and n = 8 per group for flow cytometry.