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VitD3 reduces pneumococcal pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines. 1 × 106 PBMCs/mL were pre-treated with VitD3 (100nmol/L) for 24 h, prior to stimulation with 1 μg/mL WCA for 5 days. (A) IFN-γ, (B) IL-8, (C) IL-1β, and (D). TNF-α concentrations were measured by a multiplex assay in pg/mL. Open circles represent untreated PBMCs, whilst closed circles represent VitD3 treated PBMCs. Data shown represents median ± IQR; n = 12 per group.
