Table 3.
Thyroid autoimmunity and adverse maternal and child outcomes.
| Population selection | TFTs | Outcome | Adjusted analysis | Association with antibodies | Additive effects SCH | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rajput et al. (34) N = 300 |
Nonselected, population-based | Median 9 weeks Range 6–12 weeks | Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes | No | TPOAb positivity associated with miscarriage (12 vs. 3.3%) and preterm delivery (14 vs. 3.3%) | Not investigated | |
| Seungdamrong et al. (35) N = 515 |
Nonselected, population-based | Prior to pregnancy | Live birth rate | Yes | TPOAb positivity associated with increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss OR 2.17 [1.12–4.22] and a decreased chance of live birth OR 0.58 [0.35–0.96] | Not investigated | Study done in infertile population |
| Lopez-Tinoco et al. (36) N = 435 |
Nonselected, population-based | First trimester | Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes | No | TPOAb positivity associated with 10.25-fold increased risk of miscarriage in women with SCH | All study participants had SCH | |
| Cueva et al. (37) N = 74 |
Selected recurrent pregnancy loss patients presenting at a university hospital | Prior to pregnancy | Euploid Miscarriage | No | No association | Not investigated | Thyroid autoimmunity defined as positive TPOAb and/or TgAb |
| Han et al. (38) N = 2,931 |
Nonselected, population-based | 1st trimester (median 10 weeks) and 2nd trimester (median 26 weeks) | Preterm delivery | Yes | TPOAb positivity in both the first and second trimester was associated with early term delivery OR 1.691 [1.302–2.197]; OR 1.644 [1.193–2.264], respectively. Preterm delivery was associated with TPOAb positivity in the second trimester only OR 1.863 [1.009–3.411] | Not investigated | |
| Plowden et al. (39) N = 1,193 |
Selected women with previous pregnancy loss | Prior to pregnancy | Preterm delivery, gestational diabetes and preeclampsia | Yes | No association | TPOAb positive + TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L: no association | Low power to detect differences in women with both SCH and TPOAb |
| Korevaar et al. (40) N = 11,212 |
Nonselected, population-based | <20 weeks | Preterm delivery | Yes | TPOAb positivity associated with preterm delivery in dose-dependent manner | Increasing TSH associated with dose-dependent higher risk of preterm delivery in women with TPOAb positivity | TPOAb associated with preterm delivery even at levels below the manufacturer cutoffs |
| Xu et al. (41) N = 50 |
Selected pregnant women with gestational diabetes and diabetes | 24–28 weeks | Gestational diabetes and diabetes | No | TPOAb more prevalent in women with GDM compared to women with nongestational diabetes | Not investigated | |
| Konar et al. (42) N = 64 |
Selected pregnant women with gestational diabetes and diabetes | Not specified | Gestational diabetes and diabetes | No | No association | Not investigated | |
| Heikkinen et al. (43) N = 3,229 |
Nonselected, population-based | Mean 10.7 weeks | Cardiometabolic risk factors in children | Yes | TPOAb positivity associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome, high waist circumference and becoming overweight/obese | Not investigated | TgAb also tested, but no associations found |
| Derakhshan et al. (44) N = 6,033 |
Nonselected, population-based | ≤ 18 weeks | Child IQ at 5–10 years | Yes | TPOAb positivity associated with lower mean child IQ in Generation R cohort, but not ALSPAC cohort. | Not investigated | Adjustment for TSH or fT4 did not affect results |
TFTs, Thyroid Function Tests; SCH, Subclinical hypothyroidism; TPOAb, Thyroid peroxidase antibody; TgAb, Thyroglobulin antibody; GDM, Gestational diabetes mellitus; ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; TSH, Thyroid stimulating hormone; fT4, Free thyroxine.