Table 2.
Identification of significant differential metabolites in plasma samples by comparison of the MHD patients and healthy controls using a VIP threshold of 1 (p < 0.05)
| Compound | VIP | FC | Change | Pathway name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <smallcaps>l</smallcaps>-Lactic acid | 10.22810 | 0.43789 | Down | HIF-1 signaling pathway |
| LysoPC (16:0) | 9.98057 | 0.48435 | Down | Choline metabolism in cancer |
| Creatinine | 9.58230 | 2.45733 | Up | Arginine and proline metabolism |
| Felbamate | 9.28300 | 0.0003567 | Down | Drug metabolism − cytochrome P450 |
| Hippuric acid | 5.30880 | 58.94476 | Up | Phenylalanine metabolism |
| Acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine | 3.84561 | 54.30022 | Up | Tryptophan metabolism |
| Geranyl-PP | 3.78926 | 0.33354 | Down | Phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism |
| Pyroglutamic acid | 3.72451 | 0.45121 | Down | <smallcaps>d</smallcaps>-Glutamine and <smallcaps>d</smallcaps>-glutamate metabolism |
| Hypoxanthine | 3.62224 | 13.02824 | Up | Purine metabolism |
| Glycerophosphocholine | 3.54836 | 0.33648 | Down | Choline metabolism in cancer |
| <smallcaps>d</smallcaps>-Glucuronic acid | 3.21844 | 17.55045 | Up | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism |
| <smallcaps>d</smallcaps>-Glucose | 3.13755 | 49.69100 | Up | NAFLD |
| 1-Methylhistidine | 3.10201 | 2.65084 | Up | Histidine metabolism |
| LysoPC (18:0) | 2.95710 | 0.66651 | Down | Choline metabolism in cancer |
| Glucosamine | 2.91254 | 0.23987 | Down | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism |
| LysoPC (18:3 [6Z, 9Z, 12Z]) | 2.83799 | 0.26197 | Down | Choline metabolism in cancer |
| Thiamine | 2.73887 | 39.48890 | Up | Thiamine metabolism |
| Uridine | 2.62345 | 12.56130 | Up | Chemical carcinogenesis |
| <smallcaps>d</smallcaps>-Xylose | 2.56559 | 12.33261 | Up | ABC transporters |
| Galactonic acid | 2.40013 | 287.15969 | Up | Galactose metabolism |
| Lactosylceramide (d18:1/12:0) | 2.38472 | 0.56823 | Down | Sphingolipid metabolism |
| Trigonelline | 2.34204 | 15.59125 | Up | Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism |
| <smallcaps>n</smallcaps>-acetylputrescine | 2.32334 | 0.0014299 | Down | Arginine and proline metabolism |
| Uric acid | 2.23204 | 0.52909 | Down | Bile secretion |
| Mercaptopurine | 2.15339 | 91.55563 | Up | Bile secretion |
| 5-Acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil | 2.0563 | 11.81809 | Up | Caffeine metabolism |
| <smallcaps>l</smallcaps>-Isoleucine | 1.97048 | 0.62502 | Down | Central carbon metabolism in cancer |
| <smallcaps>l</smallcaps>-Histidine | 1.88933 | 0.47130 | Down | Central carbon metabolism in cancer |
| LysoPC (20:4 [5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z]) | 1.88369 | 0.59427 | Down | Choline metabolism in cancer |
| Galactitol | 1.87569 | 46.61731 | Up | Galactose metabolism |
| <smallcaps>l</smallcaps>-Tryptophan | 1.81269 | 0.31861 | Down | Central carbon metabolism in cancer |
| 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonate | 1.81057 | 7.84180 | Up | Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism |
| Lysine | 1.78813 | 0.50828 | Down | Protein digestion and absorption |
| 3-Dehydroquinate | 1.77531 | 16.16455 | Up | Biosynthesis of amino acids |
| 5-Hydroxy-N-formylkynurenine | 1.72359 | 0.002373 | Down | Tryptophan metabolism |
| Cortol | 1.70001 | 0.53788 | Down | Steroid hormone biosynthesis |
| Betaine | 1.69081 | 0.66840 | Down | ABC transporters |
| LysoPC (20:3 [5Z, 8Z, 11Z]) | 1.63686 | 0.52152 | Down | Choline metabolism in cancer |
| <smallcaps>l</smallcaps>-Tyrosine | 1.62937 | 0.56811 | Down | Cocaine addiction |
| <smallcaps>l</smallcaps>-Glutamic acid | 1.55062 | 2.70260 | Up | Cocaine addiction |
| Linoleic acid | 1.54579 | 0.63493 | Down | Linoleic acid metabolism |
| <smallcaps>d</smallcaps>-1-Piperideine-2-carboxylic acid | 1.52247 | 0.40154 | Down | Lysine degradation |
| cis-Aconitic acid | 1.52231 | 1.59038 | Up | Citrate cycle |
| Homovanillic acid | 1.49443 | 35.46233 | Up | Tyrosine metabolism |
| LysoPC (20:5 [5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z, 17Z]) | 1.49287 | 0.28354 | Down | Choline metabolism in cancer |
| Pyruvic acid | 1.41018 | 0.08689 | Down | HIF-1 signaling pathway, citrate cycle |
| 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamide | 1.37597 | 773.31431 | Up | Drug metabolism − cytochrome P450 |
| LysoPC (16:1 [9Z]) | 1.35209 | 0.40768 | Down | Choline metabolism in cancer |
| Hydroxybenzoic acid | 1.33573 | 48.97962 | Up | Phenylalanine metabolism |
| Androsterone glucuronide | 1.29119 | 70.87835 | Up | Steroid hormone biosynthesis |
| <smallcaps>l</smallcaps>-Aspartic acid | 1.28381 | 143.33270 | Up | Central carbon metabolism in cancer |
| Ascorbic acid | 1.28257 | 34.16483 | Up | HIF-1 signaling pathway |
| Phytosphingosine | 1.25514 | 0.09685 | Down | Sphingolipid metabolism |
| Oxoglutaric acid | 1.22487 | 0.51611 | Down | HIF-1 signaling pathway |
| Ornithine | 1.22003 | 0.43673 | Down | Arginine biosynthesis |
| Estrone glucuronide | 1.15291 | 3,320.94099 | Up | Steroid hormone biosynthesis |
| N-Acetyl-<smallcaps>l</smallcaps>-aspartic acid | 1.14337 | 5.31335 | Up | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism |
| Hydroxyproline | 1.12281 | 0.44768 | Down | Arginine and proline metabolism |
| Palmitic acid | 1.11319 | 0.60753 | Down | Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids |
| Dethiobiotin | 1.08593 | 26.11047 | Up | Biotin metabolism |
| Indolelactic acid | 1.06475 | 4.19283 | Up | Tryptophan metabolism |
| Serotonin | 1.04025 | 0.057756 | Down | Bile secretion |
| Acetic acid | 1.00395 | 20.11659 | Up | Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis − heparan sulfate/ |
| heparin |
MHD, maintenance hemodialysis; VIP, variable importance for projection; FC, fold change (MHD patients vs. healthy controls); NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.