FIGURE 1.

BTBR mice exhibited infancy-onset dystonia-like behavior and motor impairments. (A) Representative image of BTBR mice and WT control at each growing point in tail-suspension test. (B) Quantification of the morbidity of dystonia at each growing point showing BTBR mice developed typical dystonic behavior and aggravated with growth (Chi square test; n = 32, 26 mice). (C) Latency to fall from the wire grid at each growing point of mice, and BTBR mice developed a weaken ability to hang since adolescence (Two-way ANOVA; n = 15-29 mice). (D) The horizontal ladder rung walking apparatus with regular arrangement (pattern A) and irregular arrangement (pattern B). (E) Average total number of limbs fall of adult mice (8 weeks) in the horizontal ladder rung walking task (non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test; n = 10, 12 mice). (F) Quantification of the time to across the horizontal ladder (non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test, Student’s t-test; n = 10, 12 mice). (G) Representative images in the rotarod test showing inattention of BTBR mice. (H) Latency to fall from the accelerated rod of adult mice (8 weeks) showing motor and motor learning defect in BTBR mice (Two-way repeated measure test; n = 12, 8 mice). (I) Representative trace diagrams in open field test showing hyperactivity in BTBR mice. (J) Quantification of the distance in total and central area of adult mice (8 weeks) in the open field. (Student’s t-test; n = 9, 9 mice). All data are displayed as mean ± SD. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001.