Table 10. Complications, adverse events and secondary surgical interventions (SSI).
| Author | No. of patients | Complications and adverse events | Secondary surgical interventions (SSI) | Description of complications, adverse events, and SSI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||||
| This study, 2019 | 450 | 44 | 9.8 | 14 | 3.1 | Recurrent symptoms [23]; adjacent level disease [11]; subsidence [3]; wound infection [3]; migration or non-union [3]; and hematoma [1]. SSIs were for adjacent level disease [11]; persistent pain associated with a pedicle screw [1]; screw removal [1]; and screw reposition [1] | |
| Malmivaara, et al. (18), 2007 | 50 | 13 | 26.0 | 3 | 6.0 | Dural tears [8]; screw malposition [1]; hematoma [1]; misjudged stenotic level [1]; respiratory distress due to pulmonary edema and stress ulcer [1]; secondary decompression [1]. SSIs were for hematoma [1]; misjudged stenotic level [1]; and secondary decompression [1] | |
| Kim, et al. (19), 2010 | 128 | 4 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | Pedicle screw fracture [1]; and sympathetic changes [3]. No SSIs | |
| Sys, et al. (20), 2011 | 38 | 10 | 26.3 | 4 | 10.5 | Dural tear [1]; transient radiculopathy [3]; donor site pain [6]; SSIs were for removal of instrumentation [4] | |
| Nemoto, et al. (21), 2014 | 48 | 15 | 31.3 | 0 | 0.0 | Vertebral osteolysis [15]. No SSIs | |
| Buttermann, et al. (22), 2015 | 50 | 11 | 22.0 | 4 | 7.7 | Pneumonia [3]; nausea and tachycardia [1]; transient meralgia paresthetica [1]; superficial wound infection [1]; septic shoulder [1]; ileus [1]; delirium [1]; seroma [1]; deep venous thrombosis [1]. SSIs were for adjacent level decompression [1]; screw malposition [1]; fusion extension without decompression [1]; and implantation of a spinal cord stimulator [1]. Authors reported that over half the patients had SSI for instrumentation removal, but these data were not included in this analysis | |
| Fei, et al. (23), 2015 | 176 | 6 | 3.4 | 3 | 1.7 | Excessive bleeding and intraoperative death [1]; intraoperative myocardial infarction and death [1]; deep venous thrombosis [1]; motor deficient [1]; and broken screws [2]. SSIs were for motor deficient [1]; and broken screws [2] | |
| Lattig, et al. (24), 2015 | 89 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Siepe, et al. (25), 2015 | 71 | 9 | 12.7 | 3 | 4.2 | Radiculopathy [2]; venous laceration [2]; abdominal hernia [1]; adjacent level disc herniation [1]; hematoma [1]; persistent pain [1]; and abdominal wall hernia [1]. SSIs were for radiculopathy [1]; persistent pain [1]; and abdominal wall hernia [1] | |
| Försth, et al. (26), 2016 | 111 | 32 | 28.8 | 1 | 0.9 | Dural tears [12]; wound infections [17]; myocardial infarction, stroke, or thromboembolic events [3]. SSIs were for wound infection [1] | |
| Hoff, et al. (27), 2016 | 24 | 4 | 16.7 | 0 | 0.0 | Dural tears [2]; and prolonged wound secretion [2]. No SSIs | |
| Kim, et al. (28), 2016 | 50 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | No complications or SSIs | |
| Lee, et al. (29), 2016 | 74 | 3 | 4.1 | 0 | 0.0 | Details of all minor complications were not provided. Osteolysis [1]; screw fracture [1]; hematochezia [1]; No SSIs | |
| Rickert, et al. (30), 2017 | 38 | 8 | 21.1 | 8 | 21.1 | Pseudarthrosis [4]; perforation of the iliac vein [1]; persistent leg pain and neurolysis [1]; hematoma compressing a nerve root [1]; wound infection [1]. All complications required SSIs | |
| Kim, et al. (31), 2018 | 78 | 1 | 1.3 | 1 | 1.3 | Screw malposition [1]. SSI was for screw malposition [1] | |
NA, data on complications, adverse events and SSI were not provided in the article.