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. 2020 Mar;6(1):106–123. doi: 10.21037/jss.2020.01.10

Table 3. Normal range of cervical sagittal alignment parameters stratified by sex/age.

Author Cohort description C0-C2 angle (°) C2-C7 lordosis (°) C2-C7 SVA (mm) T1S (°) T1S-CL (°) CBVA (°) Macgregor angle (°)
Sample Age ranges (years) M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
Iorio et al., 2019 118 asymptomatic adults stratified by age <35 19±10 –2±14 28±17 22±8 24±10 6±7 8±8
35–44 23±8 2±8 23±14 23±6 22±8 –2±7 1±5
45–54 22±9 4±11 26±26 24±7 20±9 1±10 2±7
55–64 20±8 11±10 23±16 28±7 18±9 1±9 1±10
>64 21±8 12±12 30±15 33±12 21±10 2±2 2±8
Liu et al., 2019 180 outpatients w/o cervical disease <20 5±10 2±8 19±9 16±6
21–30 7±11 6±9 21±7 21±7
31–40 10±10 8±11 21±7 22±9
41–50 10±7 4±10 21±7 19±7
51–60 13±9 8±13 22±8 23±7
61–70 17±13 13±10 24±6 23±7
Oe et al., 2015 656 Japanese volunteers age >50 50–59 11±7 13±11 25±7 20±9 32±6 28±9 21±8 15±8
60–69 14±9 12±9 28±13 21±10 31±6 29±7 19±9 18±8
70–79 11±8 15±11 34±16 22±12 33±7 32±7 22±9 17±9
80–89 13±9 17±11 35±14 28±14 36±7 37±10 24±10 20±9
Chen et al., 2017 184 asymptomatic volunteers <21 12±11 19±9 23±7 10±6
21–40 12±8 15±9 21±8 11±9
41–60 13±13 12±11 26±8 13±10
>60 18±11 25±9 29±9 11±6
Park et al., 2013 100 healthy adult volunteers 20–29 18±9 15±7 7±12 11±10 14±8 13±7 24±7 24±7
>60 17±10 12±7 15±11 13±10 18±11 10±8 21±4 19±8
Tang et al., 2019 151 patients grouped by age 18–39 6±13 15±8 26±9 20±8
40–64 7±10 16±10 27±3 20±8
>64 15±11 19±14 31±11 16±10
Iyer et al., 2016 120 asymptomatic volunteers grouped by age and sex, separately 28±11 27±9 15±14 11±13 26±11 20±12 30±9 25±8 3±9 1±7
21–30 27±9 5±14 25±12 22±8 4±6
31–40 25±12 10±11 16±15 24±6 0±9
41–50 30±9 9±14 20±9 24±7 1±6
51–60 26±8 17±12 17±7 27±6 –1±7
61–70 25±9 18±13 20±9 27±9 0±9
>71 31±10 16±13 31±14 35±11 6±7

SVA, sagittal vertical axis; T1S, T1 slope; CL, cervical lordosis; CBVA, chin-brow vertical angle.