Table 2. Results for measurement of serum PON1, AFP or both†, in the diagnosis of vascular invasion in HCC.
| Group | Test cohort | Validation cohort | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUC (95% CI) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | Positive LR | Negative LR | AUC (95% CI) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | Positive LR | Negative LR | ||
| VI vs. NVI (in total) | |||||||||||||||
| PON1 | 0.754 (0.710–0.798) | 70.67 | 78.11 | 69.30 | 79.20 | 3.23 | 0.38 | 0.894 (0.848–0.939) | 79.82 | 91.85 | 89.20 | 84.40 | 9.8 | 0.22 | |
| AFP | 0.666 (0.618–0.714) | 40.38 | 85.19 | 65.60 | 67.10 | 2.73 | 0.7 | 0.578 (0.506–0.649) | 35.96 | 79.26 | 59.40 | 59.40 | 1.73 | 0.81 | |
| PON1 + AFP | 0.785 (0.744–0.826) | 75.96 | 77.44 | 70.20 | 82.10 | 3.37 | 0.31 | 0.897 (0.854–0.941) | 82.46 | 90.98 | 88.70 | 85.80 | 9.14 | 0.19 | |
| MVI vs. NVI (in total) | |||||||||||||||
| PON1 | 0.737 (0.689–0.784) | 68.39 | 78.11 | 64.70 | 80.80 | 3.12 | 0.4 | 0.883 (0.831–0.936) | 80.95 | 91.85 | 86.10 | 88.60 | 9.94 | 0.21 | |
| AFP | 0.636 (0.584–0.689) | 33.91 | 85.19 | 57.30 | 68.70 | 2.29 | 0.78 | 0.556 (0.477–0.635) | 33.33 | 79.26 | 50.00 | 65.60 | 1.61 | 0.84 | |
| PON1 + AFP | 0.764 (0.718–0.809) | 72.99 | 77.36 | 65.50 | 83.00 | 3.22 | 0.35 | 0.889 (0.838–0.939) | 84.52 | 90.98 | 85.50 | 90.30 | 9.37 | 0.17 | |
| VI vs. NVI (in sHCC sub-group) | |||||||||||||||
| PON1 | 0.738 (0.680–0.796) | 72.82 | 76.75 | 58.60 | 86.20 | 3.13 | 0.35 | 0.917 (0.867–0.966) | 77.19 | 93.20 | 86.30 | 88.10 | 11.36 | 0.24 | |
| AFP | 0.579 (0.511–0.647) | 26.21 | 86.84 | 47.40 | 72.3 | 1.99 | 0.85 | 0.576 (0.484–0.667) | 26.32 | 83.50 | 46.90 | 67.20 | 1.59 | 0.88 | |
| PON1 + AFP | 0.743 (0.685–0.801) | 73.79 | 76.75 | 58.90 | 86.60 | 3.17 | 0.34 | 0.920 (0.873–0.967) | 78.95 | 94.17 | 88.20 | 89.00 | 13.55 | 0.22 | |
| MVI vs. NVI (in sHCC sub-group) | |||||||||||||||
| PON1 | 0.726 (0.665–0.787) | 70.97 | 76.75 | 55.50 | 86.60 | 3.05 | 0.38 | 0.918 (0.864–0.973) | 80.85 | 93.20 | 84.40 | 91.40 | 11.9 | 0.21 | |
| AFP | 0.551 (0.481–0.621) | 20.43 | 86.84 | 38.80 | 72.80 | 1.55 | 0.92 | 0.571 (0.473–0.670) | 27.66 | 83.60 | 43.30 | 71.70 | 1.68 | 0.87 | |
| PON1 + AFP | 0.728 (0.667–0.789) | 72.04 | 76.65 | 55.80 | 87.00 | 3.09 | 0.36 | 0.924 (0.873–0.974) | 82.98 | 94.17 | 86.70 | 92.40 | 14.24 | 0.18 | |
| VI vs. NVI (in advanced-HCC sub-group) | |||||||||||||||
| PON1 | 0.786 (0.713–0.858) | 67.62 | 81.16 | 84.50 | 62.20 | 3.59 | 0.4 | 0.822 (0.710–0.935) | 82.46 | 84.37 | 90.40 | 73.00 | 5.28 | 0.21 | |
| AFP | 0.731 (0.655–0.807) | 53.33 | 79.71 | 80.00 | 52.90 | 2.63 | 0.59 | 0.521 (0.400–0.642) | 45.61 | 68.75 | 72.20 | 41.50 | 1.46 | 0.79 | |
| PON1 + AFP | 0.823 (0.758–0.889) | 78.10 | 79.71 | 85.40 | 70.50 | 3.85 | 0.27 | 0.839 (0.740–0.937) | 85.96 | 84.37 | 90.70 | 77.10 | 5.5 | 0.17 | |
| MVI vs. NVI (in advanced-HCC sub-group) | |||||||||||||||
| PON1 | 0.763 (0.684–0.843) | 65.43 | 81.16 | 80.30 | 66.70 | 3.47 | 0.43 | 0.791 (0.659–0.922) | 81.08 | 84.37 | 85.70 | 79.40 | 5.19 | 0.22 | |
| AFP | 0.716 (0.634–0.798) | 48.15 | 79.71 | 73.60 | 56.70 | 2.37 | 0.65 | 0.519 (0.380–0.657) | 59.46 | 34.38 | 51.20 | 42.30 | 0.91 | 1.18 | |
| PON1 + AFP | 0.803 (0.730–0.875) | 74.07 | 79.71 | 81.10 | 72.40 | 3.65 | 0.33 | 0.812 (0.696–0.928) | 89.19 | 84.37 | 86.80 | 87.10 | 5.71 | 0.13 | |
†, the cutoff values of serum PON1 and AFP for vascular invasion diagnosis were 191.12 and 279.8 ng/mL, respectively. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; AFP, α-fetoprotein; PON1, paraoxonase 1; VI, vascular invasion; NVI, no vascular invasion; MVI, micro-vascular invasion; AUC, area under curve; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; LR, likelihood ratio.