Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the sample.
| Characteristic | All patients (N=1,007), n (%) | Male (N=295), n (%) | Female (N=712), n (%) | P values† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.404 | |||
| ≥50 | 636 (63.2) | 180 (17.9) | 456 (45.3) | |
| <50 | 371 (36.8) | 115 (11.4) | 256 (25.4) | |
| Menopause | 510 (50.6) | – | 510 (71.6) | |
| Diagnosis of rheumatism | <0.001 | |||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 330 (32.8) | 72 (24.4) | 258 (36.2) | |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 134 (13.3) | 16 (5.4) | 118 (16.6) | |
| Osteoarthritis | 110 (10.9) | 20 (6.8) | 90 (12.6) | |
| Spondyloarthritis | 71 (7.1) | 53 (18.0) | 18 (2.5) | |
| Gout | 62 (6.2) | 53 (18.0) | 9 (1.3) | |
| Sjogren’s disease | 52 (5.2) | 3 (1.0) | 49 (6.9) | |
| Others | 248 (24.6) | 78 (26.4) | 170 (23.9) | |
| Medication | ||||
| Hormonal drugs | 489 (48.6) | 123 (41.7) | 366 (51.4) | 0.006 |
| Calcium intake | 860 (85.4) | 238 (80.7) | 622 (87.4) | 0.008 |
| Vitamin D | 846 (84.0) | 230 (78.0) | 616 (86.5) | <0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Diabetes | 90 (8.9) | 35 (11.9) | 55 (7.7) | 0.048 |
| Hypertension | 221 (21.9) | 73 (24.7) | 148 (20.8) | 0.190 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 23 (2.3) | 1 (0.3) | 22 (3.1) | 0.005 |
| Smoking | 95 (9.4) | 89 (30.2) | 6 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol | 64 (6.4) | 58 (19.7) | 6 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.855 | |||
| <18.5 | 134 (13.3) | 35 (11.9) | 99 (13.9) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 644 (64.0) | 191 (64.7) | 453 (63.6) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 203 (20.2) | 61 (20.7) | 142 (19.9) | |
| >30.0 | 26 (2.6) | 8 (2.7) | 18 (2.5) |
†, Pearson’s Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. BMI, body mass index.