Table 4. Associations between risk factors and bone density in men older than 50 years and postmenopausal women.
| Variables | Osteopenia (LG1) | Osteoporosis (LG2) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lumbar spine, aOR (95% CI) | Femoral neck, aOR (95% CI) | Total hips, aOR (95% CI) | Lumbar spine, aOR (95% CI) | Femoral neck, aOR (95% CI) | Total hips, aOR (95% CI) | ||
| Age | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) | 1.05 (1.02–1.07) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 1.11 (0.56-2.16) | 1.07 (0.60–1.87) | 1.71 (1.07-2.75) | 1.65 (1.06–2.57) | 2.43 (1.43–4.31) | 2.50 (1.26–5.35) | |
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| <18.5 | 4.47 (1.21–29.23) | 3.09 (1.15–10.82) | 4.04 (1.85-10.21) | 2.03 (1.20–3.52) | 2.13 (1.27–3.57) | 2.08 (1.14–3.75) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 0.68 (0.39–1.19) | 0.77 (0.47–1.27) | 0.41 (0.27–0.63) | 0.69 (0.45–1.04) | 0.31 (0.17–0.54) | 0.42 (0.19–0.85) | |
| >30.0 | 1.13 (0.30–5.53) | 0.32 (0.10–1.05) | 0.31 (0.11–0.84) | 0.48 (0.22–2.79) | 0.89 (0.24–2.94) | 0.26 (0.01–1.63) | |
| Hormone use | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | |
| Diabetes | |||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.19 (0.57–2.68) | 0.59 (0.29–0.98) | 0.67 (0.39-1.15) | 0.83 (0.49–1.38) | 1.03 (0.55–1.87) | 0.93 (0.43–1.90) | |
| Hypertension | |||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.75 (0.41–1.38) | 1.36 (0.80–2.37) | 1.78 (1.15-2.79) | 1.06 (0.73–1.56) | 1.26 (0.82–1.93) | 1.12 (0.66–1.89) | |
| Hyperthyroidism | |||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.35 (0.09–1.38) | 0.76 (0.22–3.03) | 0.74 (0.25–2.25) | 0.93 (0.31–2.97) | 1.25 (0.37–3.91) | 0.28 (0.01–1.72) | |
| Calcium intake | |||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 2.00 (0.63–6.72) | 0.46 (0.16–1.24) | 1.09 (0.45-2.58) | 0.59 (0.23–1.41) | 1.39 (0.51–3.90) | 0.39 (0.09–1.52) | |
| Vitamin D | |||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.78 (0.24–2.30) | 1.99 (0.78–5.08) | 1.07 (0.46-2.42) | 2.57 (0.78–9.03) | 0.94 (0.35–2.57) | 2.28 (0.58–10.36) | |
| Drinking | |||||||
| Never/seldom | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Always drinking | 1.09 (0.33–3.77) | 0.81 (0.29–2.32) | 0.67 (0.25-1.74) | 0.93 (0.38–2.26) | 0.36 (0.11–1.04) | 1.40 (0.35–5.37) | |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Current/former smoker | 0.84 (0.29–2.58) | 0.63 (0.23–1.77) | 3.24 (1.35-8.49) | 1.03 (0.46–2.31) | 4.28 (1.69–11.16) | 0.69 (0.18–5.38) | |
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.