Table 3. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of study subjects according to CVD risk.
| Variables | Non-DM | DM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low CVD risk (n=32) | High CVD risk (n=9) | P | Low CVD risk (n=28) | High CVD risk (n=18) | P | ||
| Age (years) | 46.67±8.07 | 57.56±5.05 | 0.000 | 43.25±9.56 | 53.28±8.85 | 0.001 | |
| Male (%) | 12 (37.5) | 8 (88.9) | 0.008 | 8 (28.6) | 18 (100.0) | 0.000 | |
| Smoking (%) | 3 (9.4) | 6 (66.7) | 0.001 | 7 (25.0) | 16 (88.9) | 0.000 | |
| Hypertension medication (%) | 2 (6.3) | 2 (22.2) | NS | 3 (10.7) | 6 (33.3) | NS | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 125±14 | 135±18 | NS | 135±20 | 135±17 | NS | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77±9 | 85±9 | 0.048 | 81±11 | 81±12 | NS | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.04 (20.92–24.59) | 23.70 (22.84–25.16) | NS | 25.73±4.42 | 26.43±2.87* | NS | |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 90.8±10.8 | 97.8±14.0 | NS | 172.9±47.9 | 174.3±41.2*** | NS | |
| Fasting insulin (µIU/mL) | 7.87±3.81 | 8.92±4.81 | NS | 8.52 (7.37–13.35) | 10.34 (7.91–15.32) | NS | |
| Fasting C-peptide (pmol/mL) | 0.57±0.24 | 0.88±0.30 | 0.014 | 0.85±0.44 | 1.18±0.48 | 0.023 | |
| HOMA-IR | 1.67±1.02 | 2.09±1.48 | NS | 4.59±2.05 | 5.09±2.64*** | NS | |
| HOMA-beta | 105.30±60.68 | 100.96±46.10 | NS | 36.87 (22.36–58.21) | 34.30 (24.58–56.22)** | NS | |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.4 (5.2–5.5) | 5.3 (5.3–5.5) | NS | 9.3±2.1 | 8.3±1.2*** | 0.038 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.0 (168.8–212.5) | 176.0 (170.0–242.5) | NS | 226.4±62.7 | 206.3±33.9 | NS | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 60.2±13.6 | 50.1±10.6 | 0.048 | 50.6±15.5 | 44.9±9.7 | NS | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 118.1±30.7 | 129.4±34.0 | NS | 154.8±54.8 | 132.9±32.0 | NS | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 77.0 (56.3–143.3) | 115.00 (83.5–189.0) | NS | 154.0 (87.3–224.0) | 149.50 (110.3–348.5) | NS | |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.5 (0.3–9.1) | NS | 1.2 (0.4–1.8) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | NS | |
| apoA (mg/L) | 137.7±25.2 | 122.2±7.8 | NS | 127.5 (96.0–153.5) | 108.5 (98.5–117.8) | NS | |
| apoB (mg/L) | 93.8±22.5 | 99.8±26.1 | NS | 119.5 (97.0–133.3) | 111.5 (107.3–133.8) | NS | |
| IL-1beta (pg/mL) | 18.5 (14.4–22.7) | 19.1 (16.1–22.3) | NS | 17.3±9.4 | 29.6±11.4* | 0.000 | |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM or n (%). P value was calculated by independent Student t test or the Mann-Whitney U test. * compared between Non-DM and DM with high CVD risk. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; and ***, P<0.001. BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, highly sensitive C-reactive protein; IL-1β, interleukin-1 β.