Table 4. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of study subjects according to smoking history.
| Variables | Non-DM | DM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-smoking (n=36) | Smoking (n=16) | P | Non-smoking (n=28) | Smoking (n=30) | P | ||
| Age (years) | 49.80±9.01 | 49.44±8.52 | NS | 48.93 ±9.73 | 45.90±10.56 | NS | |
| Male (%) | 13 (36.1) | 16 (100.0) | 0.000 | 8 (28.6) | 28 (93.3) | 0.000 | |
| Hypertension medication (%) | 5 (13.9) | 2 (12.5) | NS | 5 (17.9) | 6 (20.0) | NS | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127±16 | 125±11 | NS | 139±21 | 132±16 | NS | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79±10 | 79±8 | NS | 83±12 | 78±11 | NS | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.47±5.20 | 23.43±2.81 | NS | 26.38±4.23 | 25.49±3.15* | NS | |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 93.6±13.5 | 91.1±11.8 | NS | 175.4±48.0 | 177.9±42.4*** | NS | |
| Fasting insulin (µIU/mL) | 8.71±4.31 | 7.79±4.38 | NS | 11.31±5.04 | 10.61±6.01 | NS | |
| Fasting C-peptide (pmol/mL) | 0.66±0.33 | 0.67±0.10 | NS | 0.88±0.45 | 1.05±0.44*** | NS | |
| HOMA-IR | 1.98±1.36 | 1.60±1.19 | NS | 4.89±2.27 | 4.58±2.67*** | NS | |
| HOMA-beta | 104.67±54.56 | 104.87±64.90 | NS | 41.25±22.00 | 38.89±32.21*** | NS | |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.4±0.2 | 5.5±0.2 | NS | 8.7±2.0 | 9.1±1.9*** | NS | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.9±40.7 | 184.6±33.6 | NS | 223.7±58.6 | 204.9±39.6 | NS | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.0±13.9 | 55.3±11.8 | NS | 51.2±14.2 | 45.2±12.0* | NS | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 126.6±37.2 | 113.1±32.5 | NS | 150.7±53.7 | 134.5±24.8 | NS | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 128.5±107.3 | 111.1±53.9 | NS | 180.3±101.4 | 250.6±333.2 | NS | |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.9±1.1 | 5.4±8.8 | NS | 2.1±4.0 | 2.1±2.6 | NS | |
| apoA (mg/L) | 134.1±24.0 | 119.7±9.5 | NS | 128.3±31.8 | 96.5±17.8 | NS | |
| apoB (mg/L) | 100.9±29.6 | 97.3±32.7 | NS | 119.1±20.4 | 111.5±23.5 | NS | |
| Framingham score (%) | 2.7±3.3 | 8.0±3.9 | 0.000 | 3.4 (1.0–5.3) | 10.3 (5.5–15.0) | 0.000 | |
| IL-1beta (pg/mL) | 18.3±6.3 | 18.8±4.4 | NS | 18.3±9.6 | 24.1±10.1* | 0.030 | |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, or n (%). P value was calculated by independent Student t test or the Mann-Whitney U test. * compared between Non-DM and DM with smoking history. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; and ***, P<0.001. BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, highly sensitive C-reactive protein; IL-1β, interleukin-1 β.