Table 3.
Summary of data provided by each study and effect estimates for high levels of antenatal depressive symptoms following GDM diagnosis
| Author and year | Sample size | Mental disorder measure and time | GDM measure | Ethnicity | Pre‐pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Risk of bias | Prevalence of depression in GDM group (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Besser et al., 2007 | 209 |
CES‐D ≥ 16 After GDM diagnosis |
50 g OGTT 24–28 weeks' gestation Two abnormal OGTTs (at 1 and 3 h) |
Israel (ethnicity unspecified) | Unavailable | Low to moderate | 29† | 0.86* (0.48–1.56) |
| Bublitz et al., 2017 | 24 |
PHQ‐9 ≥ 10 After GDM diagnosis |
1‐ or 3‐h glucose tolerance test | Caucasian: 54% |
Mean (sd) 32.54 (7.5) NB: at time of GDM diagnosis |
High | 12.5† | Unavailable |
| Chazotte et al., 1995 | 60 |
CES‐D ≥ 16 34–36 weeks gestation |
Not specified |
Black: 45% Hispanic: 48.3% White: 6.7% |
Unavailable | High | 56.7† | 2.62* (0.92–7.46) |
| Keskin et al., 2015 | 89 |
BDI (unknown version) ≥ 17 After GDM diagnosis |
2‐h 75 g OGTT: plasma glucose during fasting ≥ 92 mg/dl (5.1 mmol/l) or at 1 h ≥ 180 mg/dl (10.0 mmol/l) or at 2 h ≥ 153 mg/dl (8.5 mmol/l) | Turkey (ethnicity unspecified) |
Unclear when measured GDM: 27.6 (5.8) No GDM: 25.1 (4.3) |
High | 20.5† | 1.19 (0.41–3.43) |
| Ragland et al., 2010 | 50 |
BDI‐II ≥ 14 After GDM diagnosis |
Not specified |
Black: 38% Hispanic: 10% White: 50% Other: 2% |
Unavailable | High | 40.9† | Unavailable |
| Rumbold and Crowther, 2002 | 209 |
EPDS ≥ 12 After GDM diagnosis |
75 g OGTT WHO criteria |
Caucasian: 90% Asian: 5% Aboriginal: 1% Other: 5% |
Mean (sd) 28 (6) |
High | 19† | 1.03* (0.32–3.36) |
| Song et al., 2004 | 104 |
Zung SDS ≥ 41 After GDM diagnosis |
75 g OGTT Fasting blood glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/l or 2‐h plasma glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/l |
China (ethnicity unspecified) | Unavailable | High | 22† | 3.53* (1.04–11.93) |
| Varela et al., 2017 | 117 |
EPDS ≥ 13 32–35 weeks' gestation |
Self‐report (not reported in paper but information provided by study author) Diagnostic criteria unknown |
Greek 93.2% | Unavailable | High | 17.6† | 1.73† (0.43‐7) |
| Pooled prevalence 26% (95% CI 18–35) | ||||||||
| Pooled OR 1.41 (95% CI 0.88–2.25) | ||||||||
*Derived from data in paper. †Estimate given in paper.
BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CES‐D, Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PHQ‐9, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9; WHO, World Health Organization; Zung SDS, Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale.