Table 5.
Summary of data provided by each study and effect estimates for antenatal and postnatal anxiety symptoms and disorders
| Author and year | Sample size | Mental disorder measure and time | GDM measure | Ethnicity | Pre‐pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Risk of bias | Prevalence of anxiety in GDM group (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antepartum any time during pregnancy or around the time of GDM diagnosis | ||||||||
| Boggaram et al., 2017 | 100 | MINI structured interview During pregnancy | ‘Diagnosis by trained OB/GYN’ (not reported in paper but information provided by study author) | India (ethnicity unspecified) | Unavailable | High | 27.3‡ | Unclear if pre‐GDM excluded |
| Egan et al., 2017 | 218 |
DASS 21 Anxiety score ≥ 10 |
Not specified |
Caucasian: 89.7–98.1% Non‐Caucasian: 3.1–9% |
Unavailable | High | 57.7† | 1.36* (0.76–2.45) |
| Hassan et al., 2017 | 100 | Taylor anxiety scale ≥25 (moderate to severe anxiety) 24–36 weeks gestation | 75 g OGTT using ADA criteria | Iraq (ethnicity unspecified) |
Mean (sd) GDM: 27.4 (7.2) No GDM‐: 24.6 (3.8) NB not clear when measured |
High | 86† | Unclear if pre‐GDM excluded |
| Postpartum | ||||||||
| Beka et al., 2018 | 326 723 | ICD‐9 and ‐10 Up to 1 year postpartum |
Diagnostic codes 24‐28 weeks gestation |
Aboriginal: 5.9% Chinese: 3% South Asian: 8.5% ‘General population’: 82.6% |
Underweight (≤ 45 kg): 0.6% Overweight: (≥ 91 kg) 8.6% |
Low to moderate | 14.6† | 1.08* (1.03–1.14) |
| Farr et al., 2014 | 4451 | Self‐report but validated against diagnostic interview ‘in the postpartum’ | Self‐report | USA (unable to calculate) | Unable to calculate | Low to moderate | 18.4* | Only adjusted estimates provided |
| Walmer et al., 2015 | 18 888 | ICD‐9 ‘in the postpartum’ |
1‐h 50 g glucose load test ≥ 7.8 and 3‐h 100 g OGTT Carpenter–Coustan criteria On 3‐h 100 g OGTT, two or more of: Fasting ≥ 5.3 mmol/l 1 h ≥ 10 mmol/l 2‐h ≥ 8.6 mmol/l 3‐h ≥ 7.8 mmol/l |
Asian: 7.2% Black: 5.8% Hispanic: 25.7% White: 61.3% |
Mean (sd) From first antenatal visit GDM: 29 (7.2) No GDM: 25.3 (5.2) |
Low to moderate | Unavailable | 1.36† (1.03–1.79) (age adjusted) |
*Derived from data in paper. †Estimate given in paper. ‡Data provided by study author.
DASS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; ICD, International Classification of Disorders; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.