Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics, means (SD), or percentages split per group
| Left‐sided VSN+ (n = 33) | n | Right‐sided VSN+ (n = 7) | n | Left‐sided R‐VSN (n = 7) | n | VSN− (n = 53) | n | Healthy (n = 21) | n | Statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (% male) | 66.7 | 33 | 85.7 | 7 | 57.1 | 7 | 75.5 | 53 | 52.4 | 21 | χ2(4) = 5.16, p = .271 |
| Age (years) | 58.83 (9.18) | 33 | 54.75 (11.48) | 7 | 54.47 (14.69) | 7 | 58.86 (12.14) | 53 | 58.77 (9.86) | 21 | H(4) = 1.21, p = .877a |
| Level of education (%) | 33 | 6 | 7 | 51 | 21 | χ2(8) = 12.99, p = .112 | |||||
| Low | 27.3 | 50 | 14.3 | 23.5 | 0 | ||||||
| Moderate | 36.4 | 33.3 | 42.9 | 29.4 | 28.6 | ||||||
| High | 36.4 | 16.7 | 42.9 | 47.1 | 71.4 | ||||||
| Time post‐stroke (days) | 60.36 (31.83) | 33 | 43.00 (26.54 | 7 | 50.00 (37.76) | 7 | 41.89 (39.77) | 53 | H(3) = 11.49, p = .009 | ||
| Stroke type (%) | 26 | 6 | 6 | 39 | χ2(6) = 4.47, p = .613 | ||||||
| Ischaemic | 76.9 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 84.6 | |||||||
| Haemorrhage | 15.4 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 10.3 | |||||||
| SAH | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | 5.1 | |||||||
| Lesion side (%)b | 32 | 7 | 7 | 28 | |||||||
| Left | 0 | 71.4 | 14.3 | 59.6 | |||||||
| Right | 96.9 | 0 | 85.7 | 36.2 | |||||||
| Bilateral | 3.1 | 28.6 | 0 | 4.3 | |||||||
| SAN (1–7) | 6.23 (1.06) | 26 | 2.93 (2.09) | 7 | 5.86 (1.86) | 7 | 5.40 (1.68) | 40 | H(3) = 13.36, p = .004 | ||
| BI (0–20) | 7.92 (4.83) | 33 | 7.86 (3.89) | 7 | 11.14 (3.24) | 7 | 14.90 (4.51) | 40 | H(3) = 33.29, p < .001 | ||
| MI arm (0–100) | 41.13 (41.29) | 24 | 28.67 (45.28) | 6 | 57.40 (37.16) | 5 | 81.00 (28.21) | 41 | H(3) = 19.14, p < .001 | ||
| MI leg (0–100) | 51.71 (38.57) | 24 | 40.43 (41.77) | 7 | 67.83 (35.29) | 6 | 77.38 (27.96) | 42 | H(3) = 11.04, p = .012 | ||
| MoCA (0–30) | 19.59 (4.50) | 28 | 16.73 (7.63) | 4 | 23.46 (1.98) | 6 | 22.24 (5.10) | 34 | H(3) = 10.25, p = .017 | ||
| CBS (0–30) | 18.94 (7.32) | 33 | 14.49 (4.13) | 7 | 13.99 (6.22) | 7 | .66 (1.22) | 53 | |||
| SC (0–27) | 9.31 (7.61) | 32 | 1.83 (3.13) | 6 | 1.29 (1.38) | 7 | .25 (.43) | 53 |
BI = Barthel Index; MI = Motricity Index; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SAH = subarachnoid haemorrhage; SAN = Stichting Afasie Nederland.
a
We tested the relation between the average position on the road (absolute) and age. We did not found a significant relation within the left‐sided VSN+ patients (rs = .10 p = .585), right‐sided VSN+ patients (rs = −.11, p = .819), left‐sided R‐VSN patients (rs = .29, p = .535), VSN‐patients (rs = .16, p = .265), and healthy control participants (rs = .15, p = .507).
b
Most patients showed contralesional VSN, except for one patient showing ipsilesional VSN. Three patients had bilateral lesions.