Table 2.
Outcome variables, by study arm, by three time pointsa
| Outcome | Arm | Mean (SD) | Median (quartile 1, quartile 3) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t 0 | t 1 | t 2 | t 0 | t 1 | t 2 | ||
| ECBI: intensity score | Control | 143.00 (23.14) | 115.64 (27.50) | 104.16 (26.81) | 142.50 (126.00, 157.25) | 116.00 (93.00, 133.00) | 103.00 (84.00, 122.00) |
| Intervention | 141.21 (22.85) | 111.58 (24.82) | 100.59 (26.64) | 142.00 (125.75, 155.25) | 113.00 (94.00, 130.00) | 98.00 (80.00, 117.00) | |
| ECBI: problem score | Control | 25.16 (4.94) | 18.03 (8.46) | 13.01 (8.73) | 26.00 (21.00, 28.00) | 18.50 (11.75, 24.00) | 12.00 (6.00, 19.00) |
| Intervention | 24.61 (5.07) | 16.05 (7.93) | 12.78 (8.48) | 25.00 (20.00, 29.00) | 16.00 (10.00, 22.00) | 11.00 (6.00, 17.00) | |
| Positive Parenting: frequency score | Control | 49.23 (11.42) | 49.88 (11.33) | 53.62 (8.99) | 52.00 (44.00, 56.00) | 51.00 (43.50, 58.00) | 54.00 (49.00, 59.00) |
| Intervention | 47.55 (9.31) | 54.86 (9.37) | 53.05 (9.99) | 48.00 (42.00, 53.00) | 56.00 (50.50, 59.50) | 54.00 (48.00, 60.00) | |
| Positive Parenting: problem score | Control | 4.78 (3.96) | 3.66 (3.78) | 1.76 (2.41) | 4.00 (1.00, 8.00) | 2.00 (1.00, 6.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) |
| Intervention | 4.38 (3.36) | 2.76 (3.31) | 1.89 (2.75) | 4.00 (2.00, 6.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 4.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) | |
| Nonviolent Discipline | Control | 6.34 (3.29) | 5.18 (2.94) | 4.21 (2.46) | 6.00 (4.00, 9.00) | 5.00 (3.00, 7.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 6.00) |
| Intervention | 6.42 (3.24) | 5.43 (2.93) | 4.92 (2.93) | 6.00 (5.00, 8.50) | 5.00 (3.00, 7.00) | 5.00 (3.00, 7.00) | |
| Physical Discipline | Control | 4.67 (4.19) | 2.77 (3.25) | 1.50 (1.94) | 4.00 (2.00, 7.00) | 2.00 (0.00, 4.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 2.00) |
| Intervention | 4.22 (3.47) | 1.99 (2.83) | 1.49 (2.27) | 4.00 (2.00, 6.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) | |
| Psychological Discipline | Control | 6.91 (5.39) | 3.77 (3.99) | 2.45 (2.97) | 5.00 (3.00, 10.00) | 3.00 (1.00, 5.00) | 2.00 (0.00, 4.00) |
| Intervention | 6.89 (4.62) | 3.19 (3.38) | 2.49 (2.50) | 6.00 (3.00, 9.25) | 2.00 (1.00, 5.00) | 2.00 (0.00, 4.00) | |
| Observed Positive Parenting | Control | 12.63 (10.32) | 8.79 (8.45) | 6.79 (6.62) | 10.00 (5.00, 16.00) | 6.00 (3.50, 12.00) | 5.00 (2.00, 9.50) |
| Intervention | 15.27 (15.54) | 14.23 (14.95) | 10.83 (15.57) | 11.00 (5.00, 22.00) | 10.00 (4.00, 20.00) | 6.00 (2.00, 14.00) | |
| Observed Positive Child Behavior | Control | 27.94 (23.94) | 24.11 (21.17) | 16.39 (14.90) | 20.00 (9.00, 47.00) | 20.00 (7.50, 33.00) | 12.00 (5.00, 23.00) |
| Intervention | 26.76 (20.07) | 26.10 (22.57) | 18.57 (18.55) | 22.00 (10.00, 41.00) | 18.00 (11.00, 35.00) | 11.00 (6.00, 24.25) | |
| Observed Negative Parenting | Control | 2.86 (3.37) | 2.49 (3.73) | 2.49 (5.74) | 2.00 (0.00, 4.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) |
| Intervention | 3.14 (4.59) | 2.67 (3.52) | 1.88 (2.84) | 2.00 (1.00, 4.00) | 2.00 (0.00, 3.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 2.00) | |
| Observed Negative Child Behavior | Control | 1.75 (2.92) | 1.42 (3.17) | 0.60 (1.64) | 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) |
| Intervention | 1.71 (3.98) | 1.51 (2.33) | 0.68 (1.50) | 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) | 0.50 (0.00, 2.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | |
| Caregiver Depression | Control | 15.39 (12.12) | 10.90 (10.48) | 8.41 (10.62) | 12.50 (6.00, 23.25) | 7.00 (3.00, 15.25) | 3.00 (0.00, 15.00) |
| Intervention | 15.74 (10.90) | 8.75 (8.44) | 7.75 (9.26) | 14.50 (6.00, 24.00) | 6.00 (2.00, 13.00) | 4.00 (1.00, 12.00) | |
| Parenting Stress | Control | 111.92 (21.53) | 123.12 (21.22) | 130.25 (15.76) | 116.00 (100.25, 126.00) | 129.50 (114.00, 138.00) | 133.00 (122.00, 140.00) |
| Intervention | 114.59 (19.33) | 127.56 (21.16) | 133.42 (13.20) | 115.00 (103.50, 126.00) | 134.00 (119.00, 141.00) | 135.00 (127.00, 143.00) | |
| Poor Monitoring and Supervision | Control | 22.03 (4.60) | 21.06 (4.08) | 20.01 (3.65) | 21.00 (19.00, 25.00) | 21.00 (18.00, 24.00) | 20.00 (18.00, 23.00) |
| Intervention | 21.99 (4.53) | 21.85 (3.82) | 20.19 (3.27) | 22.00 (18.00, 24.75) | 21.00 (19.00, 24.00) | 20.00 (17.00, 22.00) | |
| Caregiver Social Support | Control | 20.58 (6.29) | 20.60 (6.57) | 19.41 (6.68) | 21.00 (16.00, 24.00) | 20.50 (16.00, 24.75) | 20.00 (14.00, 24.00) |
| Intervention | 21.03 (5.98) | 20.51 (6.02) | 19.60 (6.53) | 22.00 (17.00, 24.00) | 20.00 (18.00, 23.00) | 21.00 (15.00, 24.00) | |
a
Sample sizes are 132–148 (baseline), 128–148 (immediate post‐test), 104–137 (one‐year follow‐up).