Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characterization of the study sample
| BD patients (n = 36) | Relatives (n = 36) | Controls (n = 36) | Statisticsa | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (female/male) | 17/19 | 17/19 | 20/16 | χ2 (2) = 0.67 | .71 |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Age, y | 16.8 (3.27) | 14.0 (3.46) | 15.0 (2.81) | F (2,105) = 7.30 | .001 |
| Intelligence score, mean (SD) | 109.4 (11.42) | 112.3 (11.04) | 109.6 (12.02) | F (2,105) = 0.71 | .50 |
| SES Hollingsheadb, mean (SD) | 51.8 (31.89) | 51.2 (33.03) | 40.6 (17.46) | F (2,88) = 1.38 | .26 |
| Medication load, mean (SD) | 3.2 (2.69) | 0.1 (0.35) | 0.0 (0.0) | t (70) = 6.75 | <.001 |
| Pubertal stage | |||||
| Breast/genital | 4.2 (1.25) | 3.3 (1.45) | 3.7 (1.28) | H(2) = 7.84 | .02 |
| Pubic hair | 4.1 (1.23) | 3.6 (1.55) | 3.7 (1.40) | H(2) = 2.38 | .30 |
| Current symptoms | |||||
| CGAS | 53.4 (12.44) | 81.9 (12.45) | N/A | t (70) = 9.58 | <0.001 |
| YMRS | 5.9 (5.68) | 1.9 (2.84) | N/A | t (70) = 3.83 | <0.001 |
| CDRSb | 24.1 (9.80) | 21.2 (4.93) | N/A | t (66) = 1.55 | .13 |
| ARIb | 3.5 (3.36) | 2.2 (2.64) | 0.7 (1.24) | F (2,104) = 10.42 | <0.001 |
| SCAREDb | 9.7 (10.41) | 14.5 (11.56) | 5.4 (5.40) | F (2,102) = 7.68 | .001 |
| No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
| Current KSADS diagnoses | |||||
| ADHD | 18 (50) | 8 (22) | N/A | χ2 (1) = 6.02 | .01 |
| Anxiety disorders | 16 (44) | 10 (28) | N/A | χ2 (1) = 2.16 | .14 |
| GAD | 12 (33) | 2 (6) | N/A | χ2 (1) = 8.87 | .003 |
| SAD | 4 (11) | 5 (14) | N/A | χ2 (1) = 0.13 | .72 |
| SoPhob | 7 (19) | 5 (14) | N/A | χ2 (1) = 0.40 | .53 |
| 0/1/2/≥3 | 0/1/2/≥3 | 0/1/2/≥3 | |||
| Psychotropic medication | |||||
| Total | 5/7/7/17 | 31/5/0/0 | N/A | χ2 (1) = 43.11 | <0.001 |
| Antidepressants | 28/7/0/1 | 36/0/0/0 | N/A | χ2 (1) = 9.00 | .011 |
| Antiepileptics | 22/12/2/0 | 36/0/0/0 | N/A | χ2 (1) = 17.38 | <.001 |
| Lithium | 24/12/0/0 | 36/0/0/0 | N/A | χ2 (1) = 14.40 | <.001 |
| Antipsychotics | 17/16/2/0 | 36/0/0/0 | N/A | χ2 (1) = 25.81 | <.001 |
| Tranquilizer | 29/5/2/0 | 36/0/0/0 | N/A | χ2 (1) = 7.75 | <.001 |
| Stimulants | 17/17/2/0 | 31/5/0/0 | N/A | χ2 (1) = 12.62 | .002 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BD, bipolar disorder; CD, conduct disorder; CDRS, Children's Depression Rating Scale; DMDD, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; HV, healthy volunteers; n, sample size; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; SAD, separation anxiety disorder; SD, standard deviation; SoPh, social phobia; y, years; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.
a
Different degrees of freedom reflect missing data.
b
Data unavailable: ARI: 1 REL; CDRS: 3 BD, 1 REL; SCARED: 2 BD, 1 HV; SES Hollingshead: 4 BD, 4 REL, 9 HV.