Figure 5.

Western blot analysis of cellular proteins. L02 (a) and HepG2 (b) cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 µg/mL TiO₂ nanotubes for 48 hours and ATF6 and PERK protein levels were then detected by western blot analysis. Cells treated with 0 µg/mL TiO₂ were used as a control and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was used as an internal reference. PERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; ATF6, activating transcription factor 6; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.