Figure 6.

Effects of TiO₂ on tumors in BALB/C mice in vivo. (a) Liver cancer cells were injected subcutaneously into the right forelimbs of male BALB/C nude mice, followed by treatment with PBS or TiO₂ nanotubes. (b) Tumor volumes. ATF6, PERK, and Bax protein expression levels in tumor tissues detected by immunohistochemistry (×400) (c) and western blot analysis (d). Mice treated with PBS were used as a control. Magnification, ×40; magnification of the inserted red-lined boxes in the panels, ×400. PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; ATF6, activating transcription factor 6; PERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; w, weeks.