Table 3.
Multilevel Logistic Regression results for Smoking Tobacco
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
| Fixed part | |||
| Individual-level variables | |||
| Survey year (ref: 2008–09) | 0.767* (0.693, 0.853) | 0.760* (0.685, 0.843) | 0.745* (0.671, 0.827) |
| Gender (ref: Male) | 13.161* (11.759, 14.731) | 25.937* (21.140, 31.822) | 5.236* (4.274, 6.414) |
| Age (ref: 15–19) | |||
| 20–24 | 3.150* (2.561, 3.874) | 3.253* (2.645, 4.001) | 3.352* (2.726, 4.123) |
| 25–44 | 4.217* (3.436, 5.175) | 4.308* (3.510, 5.286) | 4.586* (3.734, 5.634) |
| 45–49 | 3.397* (2.687, 4.295) | 3.461* (2.737, 4.376) | 3.688* (2.913, 4.668) |
| Education (ref: University and Post-graduate) | |||
| No education/Primary less than 4-year | 2.459* (1.756, 3.445) | 2.694* (1.906, 3.808) | – |
| Primary 8-year | 1.352* (1.152, 1.587) | 1.431* (1.221, 1.676) | – |
| Secondary/Professional/technical | 1.075 (0.931, 1.240) | 1.104 (0.959, 1.270) | – |
| Gender X Education | |||
| Male X No education/Primary less than 4-year | – | – | 3.017* (1.963, 4.636) |
| Male X Primary 8-year | – | – | 2.392* (1.976, 2.895) |
| Male X Secondary/Professional/technical | – | – | 1.653* (1.387, 1.969) |
| Female X No education/Primary less than 4-year | – | – | 1.746** (1.100, 2.771) |
| Female X Primary 8-year | – | – | 0.515* (0.409, 0.650) |
| Female X Secondary/Professional/technical | – | – | 0.603* (0.487, 0.747) |
| Alcohol consumption (ref: Moderate Drinker) | |||
| Non drinker | 0.421* (0.378, 0.468) | 0.435* (0.391, 0.483) | 0.438* (0.394, 0.487) |
| Binge drinker | 1.589** (1.101, 2.293) | 1.526** (1.057, 2.202) | 1.529** (1.058, 2.209) |
| Health awareness on Smoking | 0.542* (0.395, 0.743) | 0.528* (0.382, 0.730) | 0.537* (0.390, 0.740) |
| Marital Status (ref: Not married) | |||
| Married | 0.923 (0.810, 1.056) | 0.927 (0.812 1.057) | 0.932 (0.817, 1.062) |
| Divorced | 2.678* (2.021, 3.574) | 2.711* (2.032, 3.616) | 2.751* (2.063, 3.667) |
| Occupation (ref: Unemployed) | |||
| Professional/Clerical/Sales/Services | 1.437* (1.254, 1.646) | 1.389* (1.214, 1.589) | 1.334* (1.165, 1.528) |
| Skilled Manual | 1.607* (1. 398, 1.849) | 1.541* (1.340, 1.771) | 1.452* (1.259, 1.675) |
| Agriculture | 1.077 (0.904, 1.282) | 1.031 (0.862, 1.233) | 0.987 (0.825, 1.181) |
| Unskilled Manual/Other | 1.433* (1.195, 1.720) | 1.386* (1.155, 1.662) | 1.352* (1.125, 1.624) |
| Household-level variables | |||
| Household wealth quintile (ref: Very Poor) | |||
| Quintile 2 | 0.871*** (0.750, 1.012) | – | 0.869*** (0.746, 1.012) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.839** (0.709, 0.993) | – | 0.850*** (0.716, 1.008) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.886 (0.735, 1.066) | – | 0.888 (0.736, 1.072) |
| Quintile 5(Very Rich) | 0.901 (0.732, 1.109) | – | 0.890 (0.723, 1.096) |
| Gender X Quintile (ref: Poor and very poor) | |||
| Male X Quintile 3 | – | 0.802** (0.682, 0.943) | – |
| Male X Quintile 4 | – | 0.800** (0.670, 0.956) | – |
| Male X Quintile 5 | – | 0.673* (0.551, 0.822) | – |
| Female X Quintile 3 | – | 1.516* (1.154, 1.992) | – |
| Female X Quintile 4 | – | 1.857* (1.430, 2.412) | – |
| Female X Quintile 5 | 2.597* (1.983, 3.402) | – | |
| Religion (ref: Islam) | |||
| Orthodox | 0.962 (0.800, 1.157) | 0.945 (0.787, 1.134) | 0.934 (0.778, 1.121) |
| Catholic | 0.962 (0.775, 1.194) | 0.948 (0.765, 1.174) | 0.945 (0.762, 1.173) |
| Bektashi | 0.637** (0.435, 0.933) | 0.631** (0.432, 0.922) | 0.647** (0.443, 0.947) |
| Atheist | 1.502*** (0.981, 2.300) | 1.477*** (0.971, 2.246) | 1.492*** (0.982, 2.268) |
| Other | 1.009 (0.500, 2.035) | 1.014 (0.508, 2.024) | 1.046 (0.522, 2.098) |
| Community-level variables | |||
| Urban (ref: Rural) | 1.460* (1.275, 1.671) | 1.430* (1.249, 1.636) | 1.451* (1.267, 1.662) |
| Regions (ref: Tiranë) | |||
| Berat | 0.675* (0.525, 0.867) | 0.699** (0.544, 0.897) | 0.698** (0.543, 0.898) |
| Dibër | 0.770** (0.618, 0.958) | 0.797** (0.641, 0.991) | 0.776** (0.623, 0.966) |
| Durrës. | 0.581* (0.463, 0.729) | 0.577* (0.461, 0.723) | 0.582* (0.464, 0.731) |
| Elbasan | 0.708* (0.579, 0.867) | 0.731* (0.598, 0.893) | 0.721* (0.589, 0.882) |
| Fier | 0.512* (0.410, 0.639) | 0.527* (0.423, 0.657) | 0.529* (0.424, 0.660) |
| Gjirokastër. | 0.758** (0.581, 0.990) | 0.772*** (0.593, 1.006) | 0.765** (0.587, 0.997) |
| Korçë | 0.621* (0.499, 0.772) | 0.633* (0.510, 0.787) | 0.639* (0.514, 0.794) |
| Kukës | 0.506* (0.404, 0.634) | 0.514* (0.411, 0.643) | 0.505* (0.403, 0.632) |
| Lezhë | 0.432* (0.319, 0.585) | 0.449* (0.332, 0.608) | 0.444* (0.327, 0.601) |
| Shkodër. | 0.687* (0.568, 0.881) | 0.700** (0.548, 0.896) | 0.692* (0.540, 0.885) |
| Vlorë | 0.944 (0.747, 1.192) | 0.965 (0.767, 1.215) | 0.962 (0.763, 1.213) |
| βehat | 2.915* (2.325, 3.655) | 2.767* (2.206, 3.469) | 2.728* (2.175, 3.422) |
| Constant | 0.031* (0.021, 0.048) | 0.017* (0.011, 0.026) | 0.0523* (0.034, 0.081) |
| Random part | |||
| ρa | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.042 |
| ψb | 0.150 (0.101, 0.223) | 0.144 (0.096, 0.216) | 0.145 (0.097, 0.217) |
| LR test statisticc | 43.59* | 40.48* | 41.54* |
| Level 1 Units (N) | 25,111 | 25, 111 | 25,111 |
| Level 2 Units | 715 | 715 | 715 |
*1% significance level, ** 5% significance level, ***10% Significance level
a Intra-cluster correlation
b Variance of the random-intercept term
c Comparing random-intercept logistic model against ordinary logit model