Table 1.
Published studies evaluating Doppler ultrasound and oscillometric non-invasive blood pressure measurement in dogs in comparison with the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) criteria for technique validation.
| Parameter | Number of animals | Bias (mmHg) | Standard deviation (mmHg) | Correlation | < 10 mmHg (% of measurements) | < 20 mmHg (% of measurements) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| ACVIM criteria | 8 | ≤ 10 | ≤ 15 | ≥ 0.9 | ≥ 50 | ≥ 80 |
| Doppler Ultrasound | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Conscious dogs (5) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Femoral artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| SAP | 28 | NR | NR | NR | 48 | 70 |
| Conscious dogs (6) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Femoral artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| SAP | 12 | 11.6 | 19.7 | 0.827 | 43 | NR |
| Conscious dogs (7) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| MAP < 80 mmHg | −16.6 | 18.9 | 0.63 | |||
| MAP 80–100 mmHg | 11 | 16.1 | 41.2 | −0.16 | NR | NR |
| MAP > 100 mmHg | 8.2 | 37.9 | −0.12 | |||
| Anesthetized dogs (9) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Cranial tibial artery | ||||||
| SAP < 90 mmHg | 0.2 | 73 | 100 | |||
| SAP 90–140 mmHg | 9 | −6 | NR | 0.05 | 63.6 | 86.4 |
| SAP > 140 mmHg | −18 | 23.7 | 45.8 | |||
| Anesthetized dogs (9) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| SAP < 90 mmHg | −6 | 60 | 94.3 | |||
| SAP 90–140 mmHg | 9 | −13 | NR | 0.08 | 42.6 | 72.3 |
| SAP > 140 mmHg | −25 | 21.7 | 48.3 | |||
| Anesthetized dogs (9) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| SAP < 90 mmHg | 10 | 41.9 | 100 | |||
| SAP 90–140 mmHg | 9 | −3 | NR | 0.39 | 66.7 | 88.1 |
| SAP > 140 mmHg | −26 | 17.6 | 39.2 | |||
| Anesthetized dogs (8) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| SAP | 10 | −4.1 | 24.7 | NR | 60 | 70 |
| Conscious dogs (8) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| SAP | 10 | −15.1 | 21.6 | NR | 20 | 40 |
| Anesthetized dogs (12) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median or cranial tibial artery | ||||||
| SAP < 90 mmHg | 10 | −5.7 | 12.3 | NR | 61 | 90 |
| SAP 90–160 mmHg | −17.3 | 14.9 | 23 | 60 | ||
| Anesthetized dogs (13) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| MAP < 60 mmHg | 41 | 10 | 27.9 | 0.8 | 47.8 | 51.1 |
| MAP 60–120 mmHg | 8.2 | 20.9 | 0.9 | 31.6 | 65.8 | |
| Anesthetized dogs (11) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: 76.7% dorsal pedal artery, 17.8% coccygeal artery, 2.7% femoral artery, 2.7% radial artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median or cranial tibial artery | ||||||
| MAP < 60 mmHg | 85 | 2.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
|
| ||||||
| Oscillometry | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Conscious dogs (5) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Femoral artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: NR | ||||||
| SAP | 37 | 59 | ||||
| MAP | 28 | NR | NR | NR | 59 | 89 |
| DAP | 41 | 70 | ||||
| Anesthetized dogs (25) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Cranial tibial artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Metacarpal artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Cardell Veterinary BP Monitor 9301V, CAS Medical | ||||||
| SAP 50–80 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | −6 | 4 | ||||
| MAP | 6 | 5 | ||||
| DAP | 11 | 8 | ||||
| SAP 90–120 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 15 | 7 | ||||
| MAP | 6 | 10 | 8 | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | 10 | 8 | ||||
| SAP 120–150 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 23 | 7 | ||||
| MAP | 13 | 10 | ||||
| DAP | 12 | 14 | ||||
| Anesthetized dogs (25) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Cranial tibial artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Cardell Veterinary BP Monitor 9301V, CAS Medical | ||||||
| SAP 50–80 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | −4 | 3 | ||||
| MAP | 6 | 3 | ||||
| DAP | 12 | 6 | ||||
| SAP 90–120 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 16 | 5 | ||||
| MAP | 6 | 15 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | 13 | 5 | ||||
| SAP 120–150 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 20 | 0 | ||||
| MAP | 16 | 0 | ||||
| DAP | 19 | 0 | ||||
| Anesthetized dogs (25) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Cranial tibial artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Cranial tibial artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Cardell Veterinary BP Monitor 9301V, CAS Medical | ||||||
| SAP 50–80 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | −3 | 3 | ||||
| MAP | 9 | 3 | ||||
| DAP | 13 | 6 | ||||
| SAP 90–120 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 21 | 5 | ||||
| MAP | 6 | 16 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | 15 | 4 | ||||
| SAP 120–150 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 25 | 5 | ||||
| MAP | 23 | 5 | ||||
| DAP | 24 | 4 | ||||
| Anesthetized dogs (28) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Lingual artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Cardell Veterinary Monitor 9402, CAS Medical | ||||||
| SAP | 0.88 | 1.92 | ||||
| MAP | 8 | 9.95 | 1.28 | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | 20.11 | 1.83 | ||||
| Anesthetized dogs (28) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Lingual artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Cranial tibial artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Cardell Veterinary Monitor 9402, CAS Medical | ||||||
| SAP | 2.79 | 1.93 | ||||
| MAP | 8 | 12.25 | 1.28 | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | 23.95 | 1.83 | ||||
| Anesthetized dogs (28) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Cardell Veterinary Monitor 9402, CAS Medical | ||||||
| SAP | 7.75 | 2.00 | ||||
| MAP | 8 | 6.36 | 1.59 | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | 13.67 | 2.17 | ||||
| Anesthetized dogs (28) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Cranial tibial artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Cardell Veterinary Monitor 9402, CAS Medical | ||||||
| SAP | 5.4 | 2.00 | ||||
| MAP | 8 | 8.81 | 1.59 | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | 17.27 | 2.17 | ||||
| Anesthetized dogs (31) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Femoral or dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Dorsal pedal artery (metacarpal artery in two dogs) | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Surgivet V60046 | ||||||
| SAP < 90 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 1.9 | 11.06 | 0.65 | |||
| MAP | 3.4 | 7.68 | 0.65 | |||
| DAP | 8.2 | 8.85 | 0.50 | |||
| SAP 91–120 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 8.6 | 11.89 | 0.39 | 36 | 68 | |
| MAP | 34 | 2.1 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 68 | 89 |
| DAP | 5.2 | 12.10 | 0.66 | 53 | 80 | |
| SAP > 121 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 22.7 | 17.90 | 0.49 | |||
| MAP | 5.5 | 9.58 | 0.79 | |||
| DAP | 9.4 | 10.78 | 0.76 | |||
| Conscious dogs (7) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Datascope Passport | ||||||
| MAP < 80 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | −15.3 | 20.4 | 0.50 | |||
| MAP | −12.1 | 6.9 | 0.75 | |||
| DAP | −6.4 | 3.5 | 0.84 | |||
| MAP 80–100 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 14.6 | 6.9 | 0.17 | |||
| MAP | 11 | −5.2 | 9.2 | 0.30 | NR | NR |
| DAP | 1.6 | 7.8 | 0.21 | |||
| MAP > 100 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | −3.9 | 41.5 | −0.34 | |||
| MAP | −17.2 | 10.5 | 0.81 | |||
| DAP | −3.5 | 14.6 | −0.28 | |||
| Conscious dogs (7) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Cardell Veterinary Monitor 9401, Sharn Veterinary | ||||||
| MAP < 80 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | −22.5 | 5.2 | 0.97 | |||
| MAP | −12.6 | 3.3 | 0.96 | |||
| DAP | −15.0 | 5.7 | 0.86 | |||
| MAP 80–100 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 15.9 | 27.6 | 0.47 | |||
| MAP | 11 | −1.3 | 8.5 | 0.60 | NR | NR |
| DAP | −4.6 | 9.1 | 0.57 | |||
| MAP > 100 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 3.0 | 29.4 | 0.22 | |||
| MAP | −5.8 | 11.7 | 0.73 | |||
| DAP | −12.1 | 13.4 | 0.40 | |||
| Anesthetized dogs (29) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: PetMap, Ramsey Medical | ||||||
| Normotension | ||||||
| SAP | −14.7 | 15.5 | ||||
| MAP | −14.1 | 15.8 | ||||
| DAP | −16.3 | 12 | ||||
| MAP ≤ 40 mmHg | 8 | NR | NR | NR | ||
| SAP | −32.2 | 22.6 | ||||
| MAP | −16.8 | 17.2 | ||||
| DAP | −24.2 | 19.8 | ||||
| Anesthetized dogs (9) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: PC Scout Monitor | ||||||
| SAP < 90 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 6 | 66.7 | 100 | |||
| MAP | NR | 85.4 | 100 | |||
| DAP | NR | 96.5 | 100 | |||
| SAP 90–140 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | −15 | 31.8 | 63.6 | |||
| MAP | 9 | NR | NR | NR | 86.4 | 100 |
| DAP | NR | 81.0 | 95.2 | |||
| SAP > 140 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | −42 | 4.0 | 16 | |||
| MAP | NR | 63.6 | 90.9 | |||
| DAP | NR | 66.7 | 95.8 | |||
| Anesthetized dogs (30) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: PetMap graphic, Ramsey Medical | ||||||
| SAP | 9.9 | |||||
| MAP | 21 | −6.3 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | −8.9 | |||||
| Anesthetized dogs (31) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Metatarsal artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: Surgivet V9203 | ||||||
| MAP < 60 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 7.89 | 10.2 | ||||
| MAP | 1.30 | 5.89 | ||||
| DAP | 8.33 | 7.53 | ||||
| MAP 60–80 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 15.4 | 15.4 | ||||
| MAP | 29 | 6.67 | 6.67 | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | 7.63 | 7.63 | ||||
| MAP > 80 mmHg | ||||||
| SAP | 55.11 | 26.77 | ||||
| MAP | 5.71 | 8.73 | ||||
| DAP | 5.82 | 9.90 | ||||
| Anesthetized dogs (8) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: PetMap, Ramsey Medical | ||||||
| SAP | −6.1 | −6.1 | 60 | 90 | ||
| MAP | 10 | −2.9 | −2.9 | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | −6.9 | −6.9 | 60 | 100 | ||
| Conscious dogs (8) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Dorsal pedal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: PetMap, Ramsey Medical | ||||||
| SAP | −5.8 | 16.5 | 50 | 70 | ||
| MAP | 10 | 3.8 | 8.9 | NR | NR | NR |
| DAP | 4.6 | 7.9 | 70 | 100 | ||
| Anesthetized dogs (34) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Median caudal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: CAS (SunTech) Medical System | ||||||
| SAP | 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.9 | 100 | 100 | |
| MAP | 20 | −2.5 | 5.0 | 1.0 | 100 | 100 |
| DAP | −2.6 | 6.0 | 0.9 | 100 | 100 | |
| Anesthetized dogs (34) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Median caudal artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: SunTech Medical | ||||||
| SAP | 3.4 | 6.3 | 0.9 | 100 | 100 | |
| MAP | 20 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 100 | 100 |
| DAP | 2.2 | 4.5 | 1.0 | 100 | 100 | |
| Anesthetized dogs (33) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Median sacral artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| Oscillometric technology: SunTech Medical | ||||||
| SAP | 3.96 | 6.31 | 0.95 | 100 | 100 | |
| MAP | 17 | 2.12 | 5.14 | 0.98 | 100 | 100 |
| DAP | 2.65 | 4.54 | 0.97 | 100 | 100 | |
NR — not reported. Highlighted values meet validation criteria.