Table 3.
Published studies evaluating Doppler ultrasound non-invasive blood pressure measurement technique in exotic species in comparison with the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) criteria for technique validation.
| Parameter | Number of animals | Bias (mmHg) | Standard deviation (mmHg) | Correlation | < 10 mmHg (% of measurements) | < 20 mmHg (% of measurements) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| ACVIM criteria | 8 | ≤ 10 | ≤ 15 | ≥ 0.9 | ≥ 50 | ≥ 80 |
| Doppler Ultrasound | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Anesthetized Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (22) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Superficial ulnar artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Superficial ulnar artery (wing) | ||||||
| SAP | 16 | 24 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Anesthetized Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (22) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Superficial ulnar artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Ischiatic artery (leg) | ||||||
| SAP | 16 | 14 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Conscious red-tailed hawks (23) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Superficial ulnar artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Superficial ulnar artery (cuff width 40–50% of circumference) | ||||||
| SAP | 6 | 59 | 33 | NR | NR | NR |
| MAP | 20 | 33 | ||||
| Anesthetized rabbits (24) | ||||||
| Direct BP source: Auricular artery | ||||||
| NIBP cuff location: Median artery | ||||||
| SAP | 17 | 1 | 8 | 0.82 | 85 | NR |
| MAP | −13 | 8 | 0.79 | NR | ||
NR — Not reported. Highlighted values meet validation criteria.